1. Aspirin

2. What is a drug? A substance that alter normal bodily function. Drugs are divided into two different groups: 1.Recreational Drugs (ex: alcohol) chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior. Some drugs can cause addiction and/or habituationcentral nervous systemopioidshallucinogens perceptionconsciousnesspersonality behavioraddiction 2. Pharmaceutical Drugs (ex: aspirin) medicine, medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.chemical substancemedical diagnosiscuretreatment preventiondisease

3. In this unit the word ‘drug’ always refers to pharmaceutical drugs The drug ASPIRIN is the brand name for the chemical substance Acetyl Salicylic Acid - ASA

4. Acetyl Salicylic Acid Identify the functional groups

5. Medical History Salicylates: chemical found in willow plants (salix alba) Willow extracts have been used in all cultures through the ages for treatment of fever and pain

6. Acetyl Salicylic Acid Medical Effects of ASA’s Analgesic – anti pain Antipyretic – anti fever Anti-inflammatory Anti-platelet – reduces blood clotting Pharmacological Substance Class: NSAIDS – Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

7. NSAIDS Over-the-counter drug group for the treatment of acute/chronic mild to moderate symptoms associated with colds, injuries, inflammation ASPIRIN, IBUPROFEN, MOTRIN, ALEVE, NAPROXEN, ADVIL Opposite to prescription drugs like Steroids (PREDNISONE) or Opiates: (VICADINE, OXYCONTIN)

8. Aspirin History 1853 Charles Frédéric Gerhardt publishes the chemical synthesis of Acetyl Salicylic AcidCharles Frédéric Gerhardt 1897 Scientists at the German chemical company BAYER conduct clinical investigations on ASA 1899 BAYER obtains brand, patent and trademark rights for ASA under the name ASPIRIN 1918 main drug to combat the ‘Spanish Flue’ pandemic–some deaths are attributed to Aspirin overdosing 1919 BAYER lost rights in the WWI reparation in Versailles 1950’s decline of ASPIRIN in the wake of better NSAIDS: IBUPROFEN

9. Salicylic Acid: Natural Precursor Natural substance (willow tree) Analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory but severe gastrointestinal pain, bleeding

10. ASPIRIN Synthesis: Acetylating Salicylic Acid Salicylic Acid + Acetic Anhydride → Acetyl Salicylic Acid + Acetic Acid (vinegar)

11. Cyclo-Oxygenase Enzyme Group- COX1, 2,3…. Convert Arachidonic acid into Prostaglandins 1, 2, 3…(hormone like fatty acids) Functions PG1: preserves stomach lining, blood clotting PG2: initiates immune response: fever, swelling, white blood cell infiltration

12. Arachidonic Acid ARA- is an Omega-6 essential fatty acid found in lots of foods COX ARAPG

13. NSAIDS block COX 1,2 NSAID

14. Headquarters: Leverkusen- Germany Publicly traded company: ticker symbol BAYZF Bayer stock 2011: revenue -36 Billion Euros, 106 000 employees, 40 countries worldwide Product List ‘Highlights’: Heroin, Aspirin, Alka- Seltzer, Zyklon-B, Polyurethane, Prontosil, Ciproflaxin, Levitra