2. * You need to create a foldable on geo-hazards * The title page must include the title “Geo-hazard” and an explanation in your own words * You need to include the following Geo-hazards – Landslides, Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tsunamis, Sinkholes and Flooding * You must describe each hazard * You must include precautions for each geo-hazard * You need to include at least 3 pictures

3. * A geohazard is a geologic event that has the potential to both destroy property and cause a loss of life * Landslide * Earthquake * Tsunami * Sinkhole * Flooding * Volcanoes

4. * A landslide is where debris separates from bedrock and the material slides rapidly down slope Caused by: * Over steepened slope * Removal of vegetation * Earthquakes

5. Ways to avoid landslide damage * Don’t build homes on areas of weak soil * Replant trees * Slopes can be sprayed with concrete to reduce rock slippage

7. – Rapid downslope movement of Earth materials. – Caused by heavy rainfall, flood, earthquake, erosion, and human activities

8. * Avoid building on steep, unstable slopes. * Cover the slopes with metal netting. * Build retaining wall at bottom of slope. * Education

9. * Total avoidance of area * Restriction of land * Design or refit building to be resistant * Prevent erosion * Avoid weak slopes * Structural examples nets and walls

10. * Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates slide past each other, slip and release seismic waves * Ways to mitigate earthquake damage: * Secure bookshelves in home * Secure gas/water heater

11. * Buildings should meet earthquake construction requirements. * Have heavy items close to the ground. Precautions:

12. * Make buildings more stable no store or concrete. * Use wood or steel frames * Rest structures on large rubber structures that absorb most vibration from Earthquakes * Use Earthquake resistant buildings

13. * Volcanoes release dust and ash which can alter the climate by blocking out the sun * As well they can trigger mudslides and send lava down a mountainside

14. * This contour map represents a volcano * The lava and ash flow would have to flow North due to the sharp drop in elevation on the Northward side

15. * If a lahar, pyroclastic flow, or lava flow is headed toward you * Leave the area immediately. If you are warned to evacuate because an eruption is imminent, evacuate. * If you can drive rather than walk, use your vehicle to evacuate. When driving keep doors and windows closed, drive across the path of danger if you can or away from the danger if you can not, and watch for unusual hazards in the road

16. If you are indoors: * Close all windows, doors, and fireplace or woodstove dampers. * Turn off all fans and heating and air conditioning systems. * Bring pets and livestock into closed shelters.

17. If you are outdoors: * Seek shelter indoors. * If caught in a rockfall, roll into a ball to protect your head. * If near a stream or river, be aware of rising water and possible mudflows in low-lying areas. Move up-slope as quickly as possible. * Seek care for burns right away. Immediate care can be life saving. * If your eyes, nose, and throat become irritated from volcanic gases and fumes, move away from the area immediately. Your symptoms should go away when you are no longer in contact with the gases or fumes. If the symptoms continue, consult your doctor.

18. * Protecting yourself during ashfall * Stay inside, if possible, with windows and doors closed. * Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. * Use goggles to protect your eyes. If ash is continually falling, you may not be able to shelter indoors for more than a few hours, because the weight of the ash could collapse the roof of your building and block air intakes into the building. Listen to authorities for advice on leaving the area when ashfall lasts more than a few hours.

19. * Avoid active area * Ash fall have proper filters to reduce damage * Redirect small lahars * Education

20. * A tsunami is a large tidal wave that is generated by seismic waves released from an earthquake * Slab of crust is displaced along a fault * Can travel up to 500-950 kilometers per hour

22. * Ways to mitigate tsunami damage: * Preserve dunes on beaches  Provide inland protection from tsunamis * Build trenches to divert water * Build seawalls to protect inland areas

23. * A giant wave caused by an underwater earthquake. * Listen to news for a warning * Move away from the shore and to higher ground * Do not go to the beach even if you see water receding Precaution:

24. * Build structures at least 200 meters from high tide line * Reinforce building structures to withstand impact from wave

25. * A sinkhole is a natural depression on the Earth’s surface * Can be caused by collapse of underlying rock

26. * Mitigation: * Use filters  Pump out water which dissolve underlying rock * Careful inspection of bedrock

27. * Test soil composition before building * Treat underground limestone to resist water * Redirect surface water

28. * Groundwater-Water stored beneath the surface * Becomes polluted when chemical seep into the ground and contaminate the aquifer * This can contaminate wells and a communities drinking water

29. * Build impermeable underground barriers * Treat groundwater before using * Be aware of well location * Keep hazards such as pesticides and gasoline away from well

30. * Flooding occurs over an area where water cannot seep into the soil * Soil is impermeable or saturated

31. * Natural event when water flows over the banks of rivers. * Recognize clues such as heavy rains, topography and flood history. * Learn evacuation routes. * Keep vehicle fueled since power failure may render service stations inoperable. Precautions:

32. * Mitigation: * Flood risk maps * Don’t build homes on flood plains * Redirecting waters through flood channels