2. 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug1

3. Foundations of the Web 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug2

4. The Internet 1969, ARPANet  After World WAR II and during Cold war, US government was interested in science and technology research to improve radar signals and communications  The Internet was founded, by a US military network called ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network)  ARPANet formed in 1969 to research networking.  They documented the Internet protocols  Email was developed  Networked 4 computers together Government also funded universities for research:  MIT Multimedia lab was founded, NASA was also formed to distribute funds to universities and other centers 6/10/2016 3 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

5. ARPANet improved Networking protocols and applications  TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the protocol that is used to connect or network computers together  Internet Applications especially email, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and Telnet for transferring files and exchanging messages over the Internet  In the 1970’s, Unix Operating system was developed by Berkeley.  Most of the Internet protocols were developed and used on UNIX platform  More people were convinced that it was going to be a success. 6/10/2016 4 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

6. What is the Internet  So what is "the Internet"?  The Internet is a gigantic collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a computer network.  The network allows all of the computers to communicate with one another.  A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a phone-line modem, DSL or cable modem that talks to an Internet service provider (ISP).  A computer in a business or university will usually have a network interface card (NIC) that directly connects it to a local area network (LAN) inside the business. The business can then connect its LAN to an ISP using a high-speed phone line like a T1 (Tier 1) line. 6/10/2016 5 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

7.  A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a normal phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.  ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire nation or region.  Backbones around the world are connected through fiber-optic lines, undersea cables or satellite links  In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet. 6/10/2016 6 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

8. 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 7 1980, PC’s & Networking In the 1980's, personal computers became a common fixture in homes and offices supplying business with computers In the 1980's, personal computers became a common fixture in homes and offices supplying business with computers IBM and Gates IBM and Gates Apple computers Apple computers Software grew into one of the biggest industries in less than a decade. Software grew into one of the biggest industries in less than a decade. Networking became a profitable business for engineers previously restricted to networking mainframes Networking became a profitable business for engineers previously restricted to networking mainframes

9. New company’s emerged Foundation for Super Information Highway 6/10/2016 8 The Internet opened new doors in 1980's and new company emerged and became successful. The Internet opened new doors in 1980's and new company emerged and became successful. Bob Metcalfe, an engineer from ARPANet, developed 3Com. This allowed personal computers to be networked and connected to the Internet. Still used today and very successful. Bob Metcalfe, an engineer from ARPANet, developed 3Com. This allowed personal computers to be networked and connected to the Internet. Still used today and very successful. kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

10.  Four people from Stanford and Berkeley established “SUN”. Sun machines are work stations which can crunch numbers faster than mainframes and cheaper.  An engineer from Utah created Novel where operating systems can be connected together to exchange documents  A couple from Stanford, improved ways of connecting computers together forming “CISCO” and famous for their routers 6/10/2016 9 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

11. 1989-1990 Transfer of Internet from Government  At the beginning of 1989 over 80,000 host computers were connected to what was now called the Internet  The US Government officially transferred the governess of the Internet to the National Science Foundation (NSF)  NSF took control of managing the back bone of the internet and was then called the “NSFNet”  In 1995, the NSF turned control of the Internet to a consortium. 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 10

12. World Wide Web (WWW) Invented by Tim Berners-Lee CERN, 1989-1990  Tim invented HTML, the first server and the first web browser (Lynx)  The World Wide Web (now referred to as the web or WWW)  The web is one of the Internet services and allows for the exchanging of documents (video, text, music, images) over the internet using HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocol  Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information.  The pages on the web are connected together by hypertext or links  Web pages are written in HTML, Hyper Text Markup language 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 11

13. Web Browsers  Mosaic, Netscape, and Internet Explorer (I.E.)  A browser is an application program or software that request documents from computers connected to the internet (servers) around the world and then displays the information in the browser window. The browser displays the information according to HTML instructions. 6/10/2016 12 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

14.  Lynx, is the first web browser. It is a TEXT based browser invented by Tim Lee.  Mosaic is the first graphical Web browser which allowed you to view multimedia files (music, video, and graphical files) on the Web. Mosaic was invented by Marc Anderson, a student at University of Illinois in 1992  Netscape in 1994 by Marc Anderson  Internet Explorer (I. E.) in 1995 by Microsoft after congress passed bill to open web for commerce 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 13

15. How the web works  Your browser forms a connection to a Web server, requests a page and receives it. Here are the details: The browser broke the URL into three parts: n 1.The protocol ("http") n 2.The server name ("www.cnn.com") n 3.The file name (”index.htm")  The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name "www.cnn.com" into an IP Address, which it uses to connect to the server machine. 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 14

16.  IP Addresses To keep all of the machines on the Internet straight, each machine is assigned a unique address called an IP address. IP stands for Internet protocol, and these addresses are 32-bit numbers normally expressed as four "octets" in a "dotted decimal number." A typical IP address looks like this: MUST.AC.UG has address 172.29.7.1 The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they can have values between 0 and 255 (254 possibilities per octet ) 6/10/2016 15 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

17.  The browser then formed a connection to the server at that IP address on port 80.  (the default extension for web. Each internet service has a specific port )  Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sent a GET request to the server, asking for the file "http://computer.cnn.com/index.htm."  The server then sent the HTML text for the Web page to the browser.  *The browser read the HTML tags and formatted the page onto your screen. 6/10/2016 16 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

18. 6/10/201617 Your computer is running a web browser Computer is running a web server Your browser requests a webpage Server sends back the page or document kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

19. Web Servers and browsers  Servers are software that allows a computer connected to the Internet to store information or documents (text, images, video, sound.. Etc..) and then delivers or sends back these documents to the browser  Browser is the client: the browser requests the documents and the server deliver the documents back to browser  Both the browser and the server understand the HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) language and that’s how they communicate together 6/10/2016 18 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

20. Internet Services & Protocols 6/10/2016 19 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

21. Internet Services  Are applications, software that run on the Internet using different protocols  World Wide Web (WWW) or the Web which exchanges documents using HTTP protocols  Download / uploads  Telnet  Email  Chat  Entertainment 6/10/2016 20 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

22. Internet Protocols  PPP: Point to Point Protocol, used to connect a Personal computer to the Internet via modem  SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, used to send (route) e-mail over the Internet  FTP: File transfer protocol. Download and upload files on the Internet to and from you computer  HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol are  set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.  TCP/IP: Controls Data exchange over the Internet. 6/10/2016 21 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

23. How does the web work?  Documents can be exchanged over the web using HTTP protocol  Web browsers allow you to request documents and then display them for you using HTML  Web Servers allow you to store documents and then send them to browsers upon request  Both servers and browsers understand and communicate HTTP protocol or language  The web uses an addressing scheme that every computer on the Net understands 6/10/2016 22 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

24. Domain name (MUST.AC.UG) 6/10/2016 23  Domain names are the next level of Internet addressing. Just like street names is followed by city and state.  Domain names create single identity for a series of computers associated with a company or an institution  A domain name locates an organization or other entity on the Internet. It is usually the organization or company’s trademark.  Every company or organization has to apply for its unique domain name and it has to be approved by ICANN (International NON-Profit group that administers the domain-name system) or other private companies such as register.com  For example, MUST.AC.UG is the domain name for MUST. kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

25. DNS: Domain Name System  A centralized database includes a complete lists of domain names and IP addresses which are distributed throughout the Internet in a hierarchy of authority.  There is probably a DNS server within close geographic proximity to your access provider that maps the domain names in your Internet requests or forwards them to other servers in the Internet. 6/10/2016 24 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

26. Who controls the Internet?  Not one person, company or government owns the Internet  Its truly collaborative, collective enterprise  There are organizations that have influence and together form a collective body to guide the Internet and the web: 6/10/2016 25 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

27. Organizations which control the Internet  The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): sets specification for HTML and the web  The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) focuses on the evolution of the Internet and making sure it runs smooth  The Internet Architecture Board (IAB): responsible for defining the backbone of the Internet  The Internet Society (ISOC): made up of organizations, governments, non profit, communities, Academics, professionals. The group comments on Internet polices, politics, and oversee other boards such as IETF  The Internet Assigned Authority (IANA) and the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC). This group is responsible for ip and domain name addressing 6/10/2016 26 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

28. Who controls the backbone of the Internet?  Regional and long-distance phone companies, backbone ISP’s, cable and satellite companies, and U.S government contribute in significant ways to the telecommunication infrastructure that supports the Internet  Companies like Sprint, MCI and AT&T make lots of money by leasing access to the Internet 6/10/2016 27 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

29. Bandwidth: speed in which data travels on the net  Low speed (PPP or modem) : Modem connections 28,000k, 56,000K is the fastest  High-speed connection to the Internet  ISDN, Cable Modem, DSL, T1, T3  ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network): Digital transmission over telephone lines. Its speed is up to 128Kbps. Available from Telephone company.  Cable Modem: connects you PC to a local cable TV line and receives data at 1.5-10 Mbps (Millions bits per second). RCN Cables  DSL(Digital subscriber line): Digital transmission of data over telephone line. Available from Telephone company.  Speed is about 1-10 Mbps.  T1: The T-carrier system transmits at 1- 3 Mbps.  Used by ISP’s  T2: The T-carrier system transmits at 6.3 Mbps.  Used by ISP’s  T3: Also used by ISP’s. 44 Mbps  T4: used by ISP’s. 274 Mbps 6/10/2016 28 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

30. Internet Terms  URL- (Uniform Resource Locator) is  the address of a file or a web page on the web  An example of a URL is http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.yahoo.com/  Router: A piece of hardware that is configured with software to route data from a LAN to a phone line- long distance  Routers act as traffic cops, allowing only authorized machines to transmit/receive data into a local area network. It handles security issues 6/10/2016 29 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug

31. 6/10/2016kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug 30  On the Internet, the term "host" means any devise that has full two-way access to other devices on the Internet.  HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of "markup" symbols or codes inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser.  The markup tells the Web browser how to display a Web page's text, images, sound and video files for the user. Host

32. Protocol:  A Rule that governs data exchange over the Internet. Search Engine:  A website that searches for content on the Internet. E.g. Google, Wiki, Answers.com  (Do some research on types of Websites) Bookmark  A saved link to a web page kept with a list of other saved links. Also called Favorites in Internet Explorer as they're usually your favorite web pages. 6/10/2016 31 kaggwa_fred@must.ac.ug