1. Modern 1750-1900 Industrialization & Global Integration

2. Summary The Industrial Revolution changed that way that everything is made & leads to European domination of the world. Using their new industrial powers, Europe went out & conquered everywhere they had not gotten to in the last era (Central Africa, Asia, Australia). European Enlightenment ideas spread & led to revolutions in the New World (& in Europe). Traditional world powers from the last era weakened (Spain, Ottomans, Mughals, Qing China) while new world powers rose (USA, Germany, Japan). Huge empires + Booming industrial economies = Global migrations (people moving for work).

3. Geography

4. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism The Industrial Revolution is the most important thing that happened ever… Pretty much anything after this point can be directly tied back to it. The College Board breaks it down into six categories.

5. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism PRODUCTION Nine Factors (why the Industrial Rev began in Europe): Europe’s location Europe’s location Availability of raw materials Availability of raw materials European population growth European population growth Urbanization Urbanization Agricultural growth Agricultural growth Private property rights Private property rights Plenty of rivers/canals Plenty of rivers/canals Access to foreign resources Access to foreign resources Capital Capital

6. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism PRODUCTION Technological Advances: Steam engines brought new forms of energy from fossil fuels Steam engines brought new forms of energy from fossil fuels Factory system led to specialization of labor Factory system led to specialization of labor Eventually spread to Europe, US, Russia, Japan Eventually spread to Europe, US, Russia, Japan 2 nd Industrial Revolution led to steel production in the later 19 th Century 2 nd Industrial Revolution led to steel production in the later 19 th Century

7. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Global Trade By 1900, Europe controlled 80% of Earth’s surface. Why? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The factory system required raw materials- Europe went around the world to acquire them. The factory system required raw materials- Europe went around the world to acquire them. Export Economics- emerged in Africa & Asia- focused on producing one single crop for export to Europe Export Economics- emerged in Africa & Asia- focused on producing one single crop for export to Europe Agricultural economies around the world declines Agricultural economies around the world declines Latin America was used as a mining center Latin America was used as a mining center

8. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Global Trade Europe was not content with raw materials They acquired territory to use as markets for finished goods Markets + Materials

9. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism ECON Industrialization is NOT free. Financiers developed new ways to facilitate the industrial revolution. Key Philosophers Adam Smith -> Capitalism The Wealth of Nations Laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory Rational self-interest & competition can lead to economic prosperity John Stuart Mill -> Liberalism Linked freedom & self-improvement Concept of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control

10. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism ECON Instruments Stock Markets Insurance Companies Gold Standard Transnational Businesses Today = Transnational Corporations

11. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism TRANSPORTATION/COMMUNICATIONRailroadsSteamshipsTelegraphsCanals Erie (1825) Erie (1825) Suez (1869) Suez (1869) Panama (1914) Panama (1914)

12. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism RESPONSE TO THE SPREAD Workers organized into unions. Demanded better wages, hours, conditions. Demanded better wages, hours, conditions. Alternative visions of the future emerge. Marxism (1848) & Anarchism (1800s) Marxism (1848) & Anarchism (1800s) Some states resisted change. Quing & Ottoman Quing & Ottoman Some states tried industrialization. Meiji Japan & Tsarist Russia Meiji Japan & Tsarist Russia Government reforms. Vote for women (GB) & public education Vote for women (GB) & public education

13. Key Concept 5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism SOCIAL ORGANIZATION The industrial revolution was such a huge shift that it even created entirely new social classes: Middle Class Industrial Working Class Urbanization led to poor living conditions.

14. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation The Industrial Revolution was a domestic phenomenon that had international consequences. The most visible of these is the growth of European empires in the search for markets & materials.

15. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Many states from the previous era doubled down on existing colonies: British India & Dutch Indonesia British India & Dutch Indonesia Methods used by the “West” Diplomacy- land acquired by treaty Diplomacy- land acquired by treaty Berlin Conference 1884 Berlin Conference 1884 Warfare- land acquired & maintained via technological advantages Warfare- land acquired & maintained via technological advantages Belgians in the Congo Belgians in the Congo

16. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Settler Colony Foreign family units “settle” in new colony Foreign family units “settle” in new colony As local population decreases, foreigners take that land As local population decreases, foreigners take that land Generally seen as racially superior to indigenous Generally seen as racially superior to indigenous Examples: Examples: Kenya Kenya South Africa South Africa Mozambique Mozambique Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Algeria Algeria American Frontier American Frontier Australia Australia

17. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Economic Imperialism Not all acts of imperialism required a total takeover of pre-existing political structures. Often it was more lucrative to dominate economically. Examples: Opium War Monroe Doctrine

18. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Europe (later USA, Japan) used their industrial advantage to build empire throughout Asia, Pacific, & Africa.

19. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Western arrival influenced both the FORMATION & CONTRACTION of states around the world : Formation: American Manifest Destiny Russian Expansion Meiji Japan Contraction: The AP focuses here on the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire Balkan Independence Egyptian Semi-Independence Europeans North Africa Development of new states: Cherokee, Siam, Zulu, Hawaii Rise of Nationalism: Germany, Liberian

20. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation The whole enterprise was facilitated by RACIAL POLICIES. Europeans justified their actions in numerous ways. Social Darwinism “We are better because of science.” “We are better because of science.” “White Man’s Burden” “We are doing this because we care.” “We are doing this because we care.”Competition “If we weren’t here, some other white guys would be.” “If we weren’t here, some other white guys would be.”

21. Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Imperialism takes place during the golden age of political cartoons

22. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform This era is dedicated to change. Key Concepts 5.1 & 5.2 looked at the effects of the Industrial Revolution. This concept has a catalyst: The Enlightenment. 18 th – 19 th Century reform movements reshaped the earth’s status quo & can be divided into four key areas of focus: Nationalism, Revolution, Political Ideology, Feminism

23. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform The Catalyst: The Enlightenment An intellectual movement beginning in Europe that attempted to reform society using REASONLOGICSCIENCE

24. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform The Catalyst: The Enlightenment THINKERS Voltaire- Religious Toleration Rousseau- Social Contract Locke- Natural Rights Montesquieu- Separation of Powers Challenge religion, class, politics, superstition

25. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform The Catalyst: The Enlightenment DOCUMENTS U.S. Declaration of Independence (Jefferson, 1776) Declaration of the Rights of Man (National Assembly, 1789) The Jamaica Letter (Simon Bolivar, 1815)

26. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform The Catalyst: The Enlightenment Not only did the Enlightenment lead to political change, it also sparked drastic social changes: Women’s Suffrage End of Slavery End of Serfdom

27. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform NATIONALISM People began to see beyond their village, to see commonalities between themselves & those around them. This new national identity was linked to the national borders of the nation. Leaders used this to unite the people.

28. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform REVOLUTION Called to action by the Enlightenment thinkers, many groups pushed for reforms, rights, or all- out revolution.

29. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform REVOLUTION IndependenceMurathanU.S.A.FranceHaitiLatin America Over WhomMughalsBritishLouis XVIFranceSpain Year1707177617891791Early 1800s New NationMurathan Empire U.S.A.Republic of France HaitiMany

30. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform REVOLUTION Other movements against authority: Slave Rebellion Haiti Revolution, Maroon Societies Haiti Revolution, Maroon SocietiesAnti-Imperialism 1857 Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion 1857 Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer RebellionReligion Taiping, Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle Taiping, Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle

31. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform REVOLUTION These revolts led to some imperial changes: Tanzimat Reforms (Ottoman Empire) Self-Strengthening (Qing Empire)

32. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform POLITICAL IDEOLOGY These movements transcended national borders: Liberalism- a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty & equality Socialism- a range of economic & social systems characterized by social ownership & democratic control of means of production Communism- ultimate goal is the establishment of a socioeconomic order structured upon common ownership of the means of production & absences of social classes, money, & the state

33. Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform FEMINISM Wollstonecraft- (English) argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education Argues that both men & women should be treated as rational beings & imagines a social order founded on reason Argues that both men & women should be treated as rational beings & imagines a social order founded on reason De Gouges- (French) demanded that French women be given the same rights as men Challenged practice of male authority (guillotined during Reign of Terror) Challenged practice of male authority (guillotined during Reign of Terror) Seneca Falls Convention- 1 st Women’s Rights Convention (US)

34. Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations Industrialization, Imperialism, & the rise of global capitalist economy increased the amount of migration in this era.

35. Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations Causes: Population Growth: Improved Food Production Improved Food Production Improved Medicine Improved Medicine Improved Transport: Trains Trains Autos Autos Steamboat Steamboat

36. Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations Migrants: Manual laborers & skilled professionals who migrate in search of work Why Relocate? Free will (choice) Free will (choice) Coerced Labor Coerced Labor Slavery Slavery Indentured servitude Indentured servitude Convict labor Convict labor Temporary Temporary Seasonal (crops) Seasonal (crops) Return home after Return home after

37. Key Concept 5.4: Global Migrations Outcomes:Gender Migrants tended to be male Migrants tended to be male Women remained home filling in for absent males Women remained home filling in for absent males Ethnic Enclaves Areas where migrants grouped in new areas Areas where migrants grouped in new areas Transplant their culture to the enclave (“Little Italy,” “Chinatown”) Transplant their culture to the enclave (“Little Italy,” “Chinatown”) Anti-Immigrant Policies Governmental prejudice against the migrants Governmental prejudice against the migrants Tried to regulate # of immigrants Tried to regulate # of immigrants Ex: Chinese Exclusion, White Austrailian Ex: Chinese Exclusion, White Austrailian