1. Cloning Techniques -Animals Clone=genetically identical individual. Adaptations To Hot Environment A cell nucleus contains 46 Chromosomes, which carry genes. Keywords: Adaptation, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Gene, Clone, Tissue Culture, Embryo Cloning Keywords: Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection, Mutation, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Extinction, Genetic Engineering Competition Animals Plants Food Light Water Space Mates Nutrients 1)Embryo Cloning-a developing embryo is removed from an animal and the cells split apart. The cells are grown for a while before being implanted into separate host mothers Leaves reduced to spines, to reduce water loss and for protection. Large, swollen stem (small SA:V) to reduce water loss and to store water. Thick glossy cuticle, to reduce water loss. Extensive shallow network of roots, to absorb any water. Adaptations To Cold Environment -small surface/area:volume ratio -thick fur -layer of fat as insulation -camouflage -wide paws to avoid sinking Sexual Reproduction Involves joining of sex cells (gametes). This is fertilisation Plants-pollen and ovules Animals-sperm and egg Offspring show variation Asexual Reproduction Parent Offspring No joining of gametes All genetic material from one parent so offspring are identical (clones) No variation. Cloning Techniques -Plants Clone=genetically identical individual. 1)Taking Cuttings 2)Tissue culture Egg Embryo Cells split apart and implanted into separate host mothers. 2) Fusion Cell Cloning (reproductive cloning)- a nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with a nucleus from another animals body cell.

2. Natural Selection-Darwin came up with this theory to explain evolution 1) Each species shows variation: 2)There is competition within each species for food, living space, water, mates etc 4)These survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who will also show this beneficial variation. Gutted! Yum 3)The “better adapted” members of these species are more likely to survive – “Survival of the Fittest” Genetic Engineering This involves transferring genes between organisms. E.g. bacteria can be genetically modified to produce the human hormone insulin 1)Fossils-show how organisms have changed over time or that some have become extinct 2)Horse-fossils show how it evolved from small swamp dwelling animals to what it is today Backed Up By -No one knew how we could inherit features (he did not know about genes) -Contradicted bible Not accepted as Alternative Lamarck Claimed organisms changed over the course of their lifetime and pass on these features to offspring. E.g. a giraffe would stretch its neck and pass on this feature to its offspring. Extinctions Caused by -new diseases -new predators -new competitors -environmental changes e.g. climate Human Population Growth Very rapid -more waste -more pollution -natural resources being used up -land taken up for human activity Sustainable living-meeting our needs without harming destroying Earth for future generations More energy trapped Suns heat Some energy radiated away Increased CO 2 and methane Greenhouse Effect Deforestation Stops trees removing CO 2 so adding to problem Acid Rain Caused by release of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides Pollution Indicators -Lichens for air pollution -Invertebrates for water pollution Mutations-changes in DNA can cause a beneficial change which will be passed onto offspring