1. End Show Slide 1 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology Fish Fish

2. End Show Slide 2 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Interesting Fish Facts: Gills are efficient at extracting oxygen from water that has 1/20 the oxygen of air Gills are efficient at extracting oxygen from water that has 1/20 the oxygen of air Lateral line system detects water currents and vibrations, a sense of “distant touch” Lateral line system detects water currents and vibrations, a sense of “distant touch” Adapted to live in medium 800 times denser than air Adapted to live in medium 800 times denser than air Can adjust to the salt and water balance of their environment Can adjust to the salt and water balance of their environment “Fish” refers to one or more individuals of one species “Fish” refers to one or more individuals of one species “Fishes” refers to more than one species “Fishes” refers to more than one species

3. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 3 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes What were the important developments during the evolution of fishes? Evolution of Fishes

4. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 4 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired fins were important developments during the rise of fishes. Evolution of Fishes

5. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 5 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes The First Fishes The earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record lived about 510 million years ago. These fishes were jawless and had bodies covered with bony plates. Evolution of Fishes

6. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 6 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes The Arrival of Jaws and Paired Fins The evolution of jaws in fish was extremely useful. Jaws with muscles and teeth made it possible for fish to eat a wider variety of foods. Animals with jaws can also defend themselves by biting. Evolution of Fishes

7. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 7 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes Fishes evolved paired pectoral and pelvic fins. These fins were attached to girdles—structures of cartilage or bone that support the fins. Cartilage is a strong tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone. Paired fins gave fishes more control of body movement. Tail fins and powerful muscles gave fishes greater thrust when swimming. Evolution of Fishes

8. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 8 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes The Rise of Modern Fishes Early jawed fishes soon disappeared, but left behind two major groups that continued to evolve and still survive today. One group—the ancestors of modern sharks and rays—evolved a skeleton made of strong, resilient cartilage. Chondrichthyes The other group evolved skeletons made of true bone. Osteichthyes

9. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 9 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is a Fish? What are the basic characteristics of fishes? Ch. 24 Ch. 24

10. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 10 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is a Fish? Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills. Anal fin Eye Mouth Dorsal fin Caudal fin Operculum (gill cover- bony fish) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin Lateral lineScales

11. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 11 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How are fishes adapted for life in water? Form and Function in Fishes

12. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 12 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Adaptations to aquatic life include various modes of feeding, specialized structures for gas exchange, and paired fins for locomotion. Form and Function in Fishes

13. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 13 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Feeding Every mode of feeding is seen in fishes. A single fish may exhibit several modes of feeding, depending on the type of food available. Form and Function in Fishes

14. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 14 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Food passes through the mouth and esophagus, into the stomach. In the stomach, the food is partially broken down. Mouth Esophagus Stomach Form and Function in Fishes

15. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 15 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes In many fishes, the food is further processed in fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca. The pyloric ceca secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients from the digested food. Pyloric cecum Form and Function in Fishes

16. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 16 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The liver and pancreas add enzymes and other digestive chemicals to the food as it moves through the digestive tract. Liver Pancreas Form and Function in Fishes

17. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 17 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. Intestine Only show “Intestine” label on this slide. Form and Function in Fishes

18. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 18 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Undigested material is eliminated through the anus. Anus Form and Function in Fishes

19. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 19 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Respiration Most fishes exchange gases using gills located on either side of the pharynx. Gills Form and Function in Fishes

20. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 20 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Fishes use their gills to exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water in through their mouths, pumping it over their gill filaments, and pushing oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Gills Form and Function in Fishes

21. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 21 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Circulation Fishes have closed circulatory systems with a heart that pumps blood around the body in a single loop from the heart to the gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and then back to the heart. Form and Function in Fishes

22. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 22 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes In most fishes, the heart has four parts: the sinus venosus - chamber that receives bloods and forces into atrium the atrium - received oxygen deprived blood the ventricle - pumps to force blood to gills/lungs the bulbus arteriosis - chamber that receives blood from ventricle before heading throughout body thru aorta. Blood flows from heart to gills to body and back Form and Function in Fishes Bulbus Arteriosis

23. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 23 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Body muscle circulation Brain and head circulation Heart Digestive system circulation Gills Circulation in a Fish Form and Function in Fishes

24. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 24 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Excretion Fishes eliminate nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia. Some wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water. Form and Function in Fishes

25. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 25 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Others wastes are removed by kidneys. The kidneys of marine fishes concentrate wastes and return water to the body. Kidney Form and Function in Fishes

26. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 26 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The kidneys of freshwater fishes pump out dilute urine. (High water content, low salt) The kidneys of saltwater fish, pump out concentrated urine.(Low water content, high salt) Kidney Form and Function in Fishes

27. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 27 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Response Fishes have well-developed nervous systems organized around a brain. Brain Form and Function in Fishes

28. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 28 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The olfactory bulbs are involved with the sense of smell, or olfaction. Olfactory bulb Form and Function in Fishes

29. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 29 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes In most vertebrates, the cerebrum is responsible for all the voluntary activities of the body. In fishes, however, the cerebrum primarily processes the sense of smell. Cerebrum Form and Function in Fishes

30. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 30 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The optic lobes process information from the eyes. Optic lobe Form and Function in Fishes

31. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 31 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The cerebellum coordinates body movements. Cerebellum Form and Function in Fishes

32. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 32 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes The medulla oblongata controls the functioning of many internal organs. Medulla oblongata Form and Function in Fishes

33. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 33 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Almost all fishes that are active in daylight have well- developed eyes and color vision. Many fishes have extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Most fishes have ears but may not hear sounds well. Fishes use the lateral line system to sense the motion of other fishes or prey swimming nearby. Some fishes can detect low levels of electric current. Form and Function in Fishes

34. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 34 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Lateral Line in Bony fish Lateral Line in a shark

35. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 35 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Many bony fishes have an internal, gas-filled organ called a swim bladder (or air-bladder) that adjusts their buoyancy. Gases are pulled out of circulatory system and into the bladder to increase buoyancy. Controlled by pressure of water Swim bladder Form and Function in Fishes

36. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 36 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Movement Most fishes move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. A series of S-shaped curves move down the fish’s body. The force and the action of the fins propels the fish forward. The fins of fishes are used to keep on course and adjust direction. Form and Function in Fishes

37. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 37 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes Reproduction The eggs of fishes are fertilized either externally or internally, depending on the species. Fishes whose embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside the mother's body are oviparous. The embryos of oviparous fishes obtain food from the yolk in the egg. “Mermaids Purse” Male banded jawfish: Retrieves famales eggs and incubates until they hatch. Form and Function in Fishes

38. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 38 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes In ovoviviparous species, the eggs stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization. Each embryo develops inside its egg, using the yolk for nourishment. The young are “born alive” like most mammals. Guppys Rainbow surfperch: Giving birth Form and Function in Fishes

39. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 39 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Fishes In viviparous animals, the embryos stay in the mother's body after internal fertilization. These embryos obtain the substances they need from the mother's body (not from material in an egg). The young of viviparous species are “born alive.” Blue sharks- “wolves of the sea” Give birth to 25-100 offspring

40. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 40 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of Fishes What are the three main groups of fishes?

41. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 41 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of Fishes All living fishes can be classified into three groups: jawless fishes (agnathan), and Chondrichthyes fish and Osteichthyes fishes (gnathostomes). Chondrichthyes = cartilage skeleton (sharks) Osteichthyes = bony fish- ray-finned (most) or lobe-finned (gave rise to tetrapods) Groups of Fishes

42. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 42 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Jawless Fishes- Agnathan Jawless fishes have no true teeth or jaws. Their skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage. They lack vertebrae, and keep their notochords as adults. Groups of Fishes

43. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 43 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes: lampreys and hagfishes. Lamprey Groups of Fishes

44. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 44 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lampreys are typically filter feeders as larvae and parasites as adults. Adult lampreys attach themselves to fishes, whales, and dolphins. They scrape away at the skin with small toothlike structures. The lamprey sucks up the tissues and body fluids of its host. Groups of Fishes

45. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 45 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hagfishes have pinkish gray, wormlike bodies and four or six short tentacles around their mouths. They lack eyes, but have light-detecting sensors scattered around their bodies. They feed on dead and dying fish by using a toothed tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s side. Groups of Fishes

46. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 46 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hagfishes - Jawless fish Hagfish use teeth to grasp food Hagfish knotting, to help tear flesh from prey

47. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 47 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Evolution of Fishes

48. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 48 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

49. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 49 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lamprey - Jawless fish - feeding on fish

50. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 50 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lamprey - Jawless fish - Life Cycle

51. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 51 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sharks and Their Relatives - Chondrichthyes The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras. The skeletons of these fishes are built entirely of cartilage. Many sharks have thousands of teeth arranged in several rows, new teeth develop internally, and those on the external rows are shed. Most species of sharks do not attack people. Sharks do not have a swim bladder, instead they rely on their liver which produces oil (less dense). Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes

52. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 52 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of FishesSharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes Male Spiny Dogfish Shark

53. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 53 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a clasper used in copulation In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a clasper used in copulation Lateral eyes are lidless Lateral eyes are lidless Behind each eye is a spiracle- used to bring in water when not moving Behind each eye is a spiracle- used to bring in water when not moving Remnant of the first gill slit Remnant of the first gill slit Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales Reduce water turbulence Reduce water turbulence Paired nostrils are anterior to mouth Paired nostrils are anterior to mouth Detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to one part per 10 billion Detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to one part per 10 billion Prey may also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the lateral line Prey may also be located from long distances sensing low frequency vibrations in the lateral line Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini, are located on the shark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of prey Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini, are located on the shark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of prey

54. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 54 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes Sharks (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes Sensory Canals and Receptors

55. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 55 of 62 Shark Internal Anatomy Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

56. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 56 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Some skates and rays feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates. The largest rays eat floating plankton. Skates and rays glide through the sea with their large, winglike pectoral fins. Many skates and rays cover themselves with sand and rest on the ocean floor. Some “Electric” Rays produce a high-amp current from electric organs. Voltage = 50, Output = 1 kilowatt During Egyptian times Rays were used to treat arthritis. Feed on mollusks, crustaceans, small fish Groups of Fishes Rays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes

57. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 57 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of FishesRays (Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes Contain cells called electrocytes: When discharged simultaneously, a high amperage current flows into the surrounding water to stun prey or discourage predators. This is controlled by the Cerebellum.

58. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 58 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Bony Fishes - Osteichthyes Bony fishes make up the class Osteichthyes. Their skeletons are made of bone. Almost all living bony fishes are ray-finned fishes. “Ray-finned” refers to the slender bony spines, or rays, that are connected by a thin layer of skin to form the fins. Groups of Fishes

59. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 59 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of Fishes Ray-Finned Fish Class Actinopterygii

60. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 60 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Only seven living species of bony fishes are not classified as ray-finned fishes. These are the lobe-finned fishes, a subclass that includes lungfishes. The fleshy fins of lobe-finned fishes have support bones. Some of these bones are jointed. Groups of Fishes

61. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 61 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of Fishes Lobe-Finned fish - Class Sarcopterygii Ancestors to the tetrapods: have lungs and gills

62. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 62 of 62 Perch Anatomy Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

63. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 63 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecology of Fishes Some fishes spend most of their lives in the ocean but migrate to fresh water to breed. These fish are called anadromous. Salmon are anadromous.

64. End Show 30-2 Fishes Slide 64 of 62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecology of FishesSpawningSalmon