1. Ecology Notes: Biology

2. Ecology Notes Outline I. Ecology a. Biotic factors b. Abiotic factors II. Biosphere 1. organism 2. population 3. community 4. ecosystem Vocab terrestrial, marine niche, habitat III. Energy Draw and label pyramid 1. Autotroph 2. Heterotroph Vocab herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, decomposer IV. Symbiosis mutualism, parasitism, commensalism V. Succession

3. What is ecology? l The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

4. Biotic Factors: l Living organisms that inhabit an environment Ex: frog, fish, plankton

5. Abiotic Factors: l Nonliving parts of the environment Ex: wind, temperature, water, light, soil Both abiotic and biotic can be limiting factors

6. Biosphere: l Portion of Earth that supports life

7. Broken down into levels: Organism: one living thingex. lion Population: group of organisms of the same species living together ex. A den of lions

8. Broken down into levels: Community: collection of interacting populations ex. Lions and hyenas Ecosystem: organisms and their physical surroundings ex. Lions, hyenas, water, sun

9. Habitats: l Terrestrial: land l Aquatic: water marine: salt water l Niche: role a species plays in a community l Habitat: where an organism lives, zip code

10. Obtaining energy from food: l Autotrophic: producers (photosynthesis ) l Heterotrophic: consumers (eat) or decomposers

11. Energy Pyramids l Show trophic levels (distance from the sun in terms of feeding) l Show how energy is lost further from sun l More energy at lower levels Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers

12. Obtaining energy from food: l Herbivores: eat plants (giraffe) l Carnivores kill and eat other animals (lion) l Scavengers: eat already dead animals (vulture)

13. Obtaining energy from food: l Omnivores: eat both plants and animals (human, grizzly bear) l Decomposers: absorb nutrients from dead organisms (mushroom, bacteria)

14. Obtaining energy from food: Food chains and webs show feeding relationships: grassmouse hawk

15. Section 2.2 Summary – pages 46 - 57 Chihuahuan raven Honey mesquite (pods eaten by beetles) Pronghorn antelope Gambel quail Jackrabbit Desert tortoise Prickly pear cactus Long-tail weasel Coyote (top carnivore) Roadrunner Kangaroo rat (seed eater) ants Texas horned lizard Red spotted toad Mexican whiptail lizard Mojave rattlesnake Food webs

16. Symbiosis: l Close relationship between 2 organisms

17. Symbiosis: l Mutualism both species benefit ex: bacteria in intestines

18. Mutualism l The relationship between these the sea anemone and the clownfish has been a much studied topic. As far as is known, the fish is able to produce a special mucus that causes the anemone not to release its stings. It is also believed that the movements of the fish inform the anemone of its identity. In return for the anemone's protection, the fish brings scraps to it, and lures larger fish into the anemone's tentacles.sea anemone

20. Symbiosis: l Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed ex: tick on a dog

21. Symbiosis: l Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed ex: spanish moss

22. l Spanish moss is considered an epiphyte-meaning it requires the host (pine tree in this case) for mechanical support rather than a source of nutrients or water. The pine tree is neither benefited nor harmed by the presence of the Spanish moss.

23. l the remora, a sucker-fish, lives in close association with sharks or other larger fish. The dorsal fin of the sucker-fish is modified to form a sucker; it uses this to attach itself to the shark; The sucker-fish is small and does not injure (or benefit) the shark, but envoys the shark's protection and lives on the scraps formed as the shark devours its prey;

24. Succession: l Orderly, natural changes that take place in communities of an ecosystem l Primary succession: takes place on land where no living organisms (volcano) l Secondary succession: takes place on land after disruption of life (forest fire) l Climax community: stable, mature community, little change in species

26. Now let’s make ecology pictures! OrganismPopulation Communityecosystem