1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves Learning Outcomes 14-1 Name the major brain regions, vesicles, and ventricles, and describe the locations and functions of each. 14-2 Explain how the brain is protected and supported, and discuss the formation, circulation, and function of cerebrospinal fluid. 14-3 Describe the anatomical differences between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord, and identify the main components and functions of the medulla oblongata.

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves Learning Outcomes 14-4 List the main components of the pons, and specify the functions of each. 14-5 List the main components of the cerebellum, and specify the functions of each. 14-6 List the main components of the midbrain, and specify the functions of each. 14-7 List the main components of the diencephalon, and specify the functions of each.

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves Learning Outcomes 14-8 Identify the main components of the limbic system, and specify the locations and functions of each. 14-9 Identify the major anatomical subdivisions and functions of the cerebrum, and discuss the origin and significance of the major types of brain waves seen in an electroencephalogram. 14-10 Describe representative examples of cranial reflexes that produce somatic responses or visceral responses to specific stimuli.

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves The Adult Human Brain Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc Contains almost 97% of the body’s neural tissue Average weight about 1.4 kg (3 lb)

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Six Regions of the Brain 1.Cerebrum 2.Cerebellum 3.Diencephalon 4.Mesencephalon 5.Pons 6.Medulla oblongata

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Cerebrum Largest part of brain Controls higher mental functions Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Cerebrum Neural cortex Also called cerebral cortex Folded surface increases surface area Elevated ridges (gyri) Shallow depressions (sulci) Deep grooves (fissures)

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Cerebellum Second largest part of brain Coordinates repetitive body movements Two hemispheres Covered with cerebellar cortex

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions CEREBRUM Conscious thought processes, Memory storage and processing Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions intellectual functions CEREBELLUM Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Fissures Sulci Gyri Left cerebral hemisphere Adjusts output of Spinal cord

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Diencephalon Located under cerebrum and cerebellum Links cerebrum with brain stem Three divisions of the diencephalon 1.Left thalamus 2.Right thalamus 3.Hypothalamus

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Diencephalon Thalamus Relays and processes sensory information Hypothalamus Hormone production Emotion Autonomic function

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Diencephalon Pituitary gland Major endocrine gland Connected to hypothalamus Via infundibulum (stalk) Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain The Brain Stem Processes information between: Spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum Includes: Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Midbrain Also called mesencephalon Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes Maintains consciousness Pons Connects cerebellum to brain stem Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Medulla Oblongata Connects brain to spinal cord Relays information Regulates autonomic functions Heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS Relay and processing centers for sensory information Centers controlling HYPOTHALAMUS emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production MIDBRAIN Generation of reflexive and auditory data somatic motor responses consciousness PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities) Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral Brain stem Processing of visual Maintenance of Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Embryological Development Determines organization of brain structures Neural tube Origin of brain Enlarges into three primary brain vesicles 1.Prosencephalon 2.Mesencephalon 3.Rhombencephalon

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Five Secondary Brain Vesicles 1.Telencephalon 2.Diencephalon 3.Mesencephalon 4.Metencephalon 5.Myelencephalon

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Origins of Brain Structures Diencephalon and mesencephalon persist Telencephalon Becomes cerebrum Metencephalon Forms cerebellum and pons Myelencephalon Becomes medulla oblongata

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-1 Development of the Brain

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Ventricles of the Brain Origins of ventricles Neural tube encloses neurocoel Neurocoel expands to form chambers (ventricles) lined with ependyma Each cerebral hemisphere contains one large lateral ventricle Separated by a thin medial partition (septum pellucidum)

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Ventricles of the Brain Third ventricle Ventricle of the diencephalon Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle Via interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain Ventricles of the Brain Fourth ventricle Extends into medulla oblongata Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord Connects with third ventricle Via narrow canal in midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-2a Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Central canal Ventricular system, lateral view Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Ventricles of the Brain

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-2b Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Central canalCerebellum Ventricular system, anterior view

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-1 The Brain The Brain The brain is a large, delicate mass of neural tissue Containing internal passageways and chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid Each of the six major brain regions has specific functions Ascending from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, brain functions become more complex and variable Conscious thought and intelligence Are produced in the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Physical Protection of the Brain Bones of the cranium Cranial meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Biochemical Isolation Blood–brain barrier

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support The Cranial Meninges Have three layers 1.Dura mater 2.Arachnoid mater 3.Pia mater Are continuous with spinal meninges Protect the brain from cranial trauma

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support The Cranial Meninges Dura mater Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer) Outer fibrous layer (endosteal layer) fused to periosteum Venous sinuses between two layers

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support The Cranial Meninges Arachnoid mater Covers brain Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater Subarachnoid space between arachnoid mater and pia mater Pia mater Attached to brain surface by astrocytes

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Dural Folds Folded inner layer of dura mater Extend into cranial cavity Stabilize and support brain Contain collecting veins (dural sinuses) Three largest dural folds 1.Falx cerebri 2.Tentorium cerebelli 3.Falx cerebelli

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Falx Cerebri Projects between the cerebral hemispheres Contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus Tentorium Cerebelli Separates cerebellum and cerebrum Contains transverse sinus Falx Cerebelli Divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-3a The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges Cranium (skull) Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord A lateral view of the brain, showing its position in the cranium and the organization of the meninges Cerebral cortex Dura mater (endosteal layer) Dural sinus Dura mater (meningeal layer) Subdural space Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Arachnoid trabeculae Pia mater Cerebral cortex

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-3b The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges Cranium Dura mater Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Tentorium cerebelli A diagrammatic view, showing the orientation of the three largest dural folds: the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and falx cerebelli Transverse sinus Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain Functions of CSF Cushions delicate neural structures Supports brain Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Choroid plexus Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries Secrete CSF into ventricles Remove waste products from CSF Adjust composition of CSF Produces about 500 mL of CSF/day

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) CSF circulates: From choroid plexus Through ventricles To central canal of spinal cord Into subarachnoid space via two lateral apertures and one median aperture around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) CSF in subarachnoid space Arachnoid villi Extensions of subarachnoid space Extend through dura mater to superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid granulations Large clusters of villi Absorb CSF into venous circulation

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-4a The Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Choroid plexus of third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Dura mater Filum terminale Spinal cord Central canal Superior sagittal sinus Extension of choroid plexus into lateral ventricle Arachnoid granulations Median aperture

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-4b The Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebral cortex The relation- ship of the arachnoid granulations and dura mater. Pia mater Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Subdural space Dura mater (meningeal layer) Arachnoid trabeculae Fluid movement Arachnoid granulation Dura mater (endosteal layer) Cranium Superior sagittal sinus

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Blood Supply to the Brain Supplies nutrients and oxygen to brain Delivered by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries Removed from dural sinuses by internal jugular veins

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–23 Arteries of the Neck and Head

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–24a Arteries of the Brain

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–24b Arteries of the Brain

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–29a Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–29b Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain

48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21–29c Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain

49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Cerebrovascular Disease Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Shuts off blood to portion of brain Neurons die

50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation Formed by network of tight junctions Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries Lipid-soluble compounds (O 2, CO 2 ), steroids, and prostaglandins Diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by: Releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium

51. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Blood–CSF Barrier Formed by special ependymal cells Surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus Limits movement of compounds transferred Allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ

52. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Four Breaks in the BBB 1.Portions of hypothalamus Secrete hypothalamic hormones 2.Posterior lobe of pituitary gland Secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin 3.Pineal gland Pineal secretions 4.Choroid plexus Where special ependymal cells maintain blood–CSF barrier

53. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-2 Brain Protection and Support Protection and Support Meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity Cerebrospinal fluid protects against sudden movement CSF provides nutrients and removes wastes Blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

54. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata The Medulla Oblongata Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes Controls visceral functions Nuclei in the Medulla Autonomic nuclei control visceral activities Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves Relay stations along sensory and motor pathways

55. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-5a The Diencephalon and Brain Stem Cerebral peduncle Diencephalon Optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus Midbrain Cerebellar peduncles Medial geniculate nucleus Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Cranial nerves Medulla oblongata Thalamus N II N IV N V N VI N VII N VIII N IX N X N XI Pons Spinal cord Spinal nerve C 1 Spinal nerve C 2 Lateral view N III N XII

56. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-5b The Diencephalon and Brain Stem Optic chiasm Thalamus Pons Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Mamillary body Infundibulum Cranial nerves N II N IV N V N VI N VII N VIII N IX N X N XI N XII N III Medulla oblongata Ventral roots of spinal nerves C 1 and C 2 Spinal cord Anterior view

57. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-5c The Diencephalon and Brain Stem Choroid plexus in roof of fourth ventricle N IV Choroid plexus Thalamus Third ventricle Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Inferior Middle Superior Cerebellar peduncles Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral peduncle Dorsal roots of spinal nerves C 1 and C 2 Posterior view

58. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata The Medulla Oblongata Includes three groups of nuclei 1.Autonomic nuclei 2.Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves 3.Relay stations along sensory and motor pathways

59. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata Autonomic Nuclei of the Medulla Oblongata Reticular formation Gray matter with embedded nuclei Regulates autonomic functions

60. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata Autonomic Nuclei of the Medulla Oblongata Reflex centers Control peripheral systems Cardiovascular centers Cardiac center Control blood flow through peripheral tissues Respiratory rhythmicity centers Set pace for respiratory movements

61. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata Sensory and Motor Nuclei of the Medulla Oblongata Associated with 5 of 12 cranial nerves (VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)

62. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-3 The Medulla Oblongata Relay Stations of the Medulla Oblongata Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus Pass somatic sensory information to thalamus Solitary nucleus Receives visceral sensory information Olivary nuclei (olives) Relay information about somatic motor commands

63. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-6a The Medulla Oblongata and Pons Pons Olive Pyramids Decussation Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Anterior view Autonomic centers Reticular formation Cardiovascular centers Solitary nucleus Olivary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Lateral white columns Relay stations

64. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-6b The Medulla Oblongata and Pons Autonomic centers Reticular formation Cardiovascular centers Respiratory rhythmicity center Solitary nucleus Olivary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Relay stations Lateral white columns Posterolateral view Posterior white columns Posterior median sulcus Attachment to membranous roof of fourth ventricle Pons Olive Pyramids Decussation

65. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-4 The Pons The Pons 1.Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII) 2.Nuclei involved with respiration Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center Modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity 3.Nucei that process and relay information to and from cerebellum 4.Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts Transverse fibers (axons) Link nuclei of pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere

66. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-6c The Medulla Oblongata and Pons Tracts Ascending tracts Descending tracts Transverse fibers Respiratory Centers Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Reticular formation Medulla oblongata Olivary nucleus Lateral view Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

67. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-2 Components and Functions of the Medulla Oblongata and Pons

68. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Functions of the Cerebellum 1.Adjusts postural muscles 2.Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements

69. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum Folia Surface of cerebellum Highly folded neural cortex Anterior and posterior lobes Separated by primary fissure Cerebellar hemispheres Separated at midline by vermis

70. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum Vermis Narrow band of cortex Flocculonodular lobe Below fourth ventricle

71. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum Purkinje cells Large, branched cells Found in cerebellar cortex Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses Arbor vitae (“tree of life”) Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum Cerebellar nuclei embedded in arbor vitae Relay information to Purkinje cells

72. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum The peduncles Tracts link cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord Superior cerebellar peduncles Middle cerebellar peduncles Inferior cerebellar peduncles

73. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-5 The Cerebellum Disorders of the Cerebellum Ataxia Damage from trauma or stroke Intoxication (temporary impairment) Disturbs muscle coordination

74. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-7a The Cerebellum Anterior lobe Vermis Primary fissure Right Hemisphere of Cerebellum Left Hemisphere of Cerebellum The posterior, superior surface of the cerebellum, showing major anatomical landmarks and regions Posterior lobe Folia

75. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-7a The Cerebellum Left Hemisphere of Cerebellum Right Hemisphere of Cerebellum Folia Vermis Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe The posterior, superior surface of the cerebellum, showing major anatomical landmarks and regions

76. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-7b The Cerebellum Midbrain Anterior lobe Pons Cerebellar Peduncles Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle Posterior lobe Cerebellar cortex Cerebellar nucleus Arbor vitae A sectional view of the cerebellum, showing the arrangement of gray matter and white matter

77. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-7b The Cerebellum A sectional view of the cerebellum, showing the arrangement of gray matter and white matter Purkinje cells LM  320 Dendrites Cell body of Purkinje cell Axons

78. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-3 Components of the Cerebellum

79. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-6 The Midbrain Structures of the Midbrain Tectum Two pairs of sensory nuclei (corpora quadrigemina) Superior colliculus (visual) Inferior colliculus (auditory) Tegmentum Red nucleus (many blood vessels) Substantia nigra (pigmented gray matter)

80. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-6 The Midbrain Structures of the Midbrain Cerebral peduncles Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces Contain: 1.Descending fibers to cerebellum 2.Motor command fibers

81. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-8a The Midbrain Thalamus Cerebral peduncle Pineal gland Red nucleus Substantia nigra Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Reticular formation A posterior view. The underlying nuclei are colored only on the right.

82. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-8b The Midbrain Cerebral peduncle Substantia nigra Red nucleus Cerebral aqueduct Superior colliculus Tectum Tegmentum ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Cerebellum A superior view of a transverse section at the level of the midbrain.

83. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-4 Components and Functions of the Midbrain

84. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon The Diencephalon Integrates sensory information and motor commands Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus The pineal gland Found in posterior epithalamus Secretes hormone melatonin

85. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon The Thalamus Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

86. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon The Thalamus The third ventricle Separates left thalamus and right thalamus Interthalamic adhesion Projection of gray matter Extends into ventricle from each side

87. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon The Thalamus Thalamic nuclei Are rounded masses that form thalamus Relay sensory information to basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

88. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon Five Groups of Thalamic Nuclei 1.Anterior group Anterior nuclei Part of limbic system (emotions) 2.Medial group Provides awareness of emotional states 3.Ventral group Relays sensory information

89. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon Five Groups of Thalamic Nuclei 4.Posterior group Pulvinar nucleus (sensory) Lateral geniculate nucleus (visual) Medial geniculate nucleus (auditory) 5.Lateral group Affects emotional states Integrates sensory information

90. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-9 The Thalamus Frontal lobe A lateral view of the brain, color coded to indicate the regions that receive input from the thalamic nuclei shown in part (b) Limbic system Frontal lobes Parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus Basal nuclei Cerebellum General sensory input Visual input Pulvinar Auditory input Medial geniculate nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus Association areas of cerebral cortex Anterior group Medial group Lateral group Posterior group V e n t r a l g r o u p Parietal lobe Occipital lobe An enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side

91. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-9a The Thalamus Frontal lobe A lateral view of the brain, color coded to indicate the regions that receive input from the thalamic nuclei shown in part (b) Parietal lobe Occipital lobe

92. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-9b The Thalamus Limbic system Frontal lobes Parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus Basal nuclei Cerebellum General sensory input Visual input Pulvinar Auditory input Medial geniculate nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus Association areas of cerebral cortex Anterior group Medial group Lateral group Posterior group V e n t r a l g r o u p An enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side

93. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-5 The Thalamus

94. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon The Hypothalamus Mamillary bodies Process olfactory and other sensory information Control reflex eating movements Infundibulum A narrow stalk Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland Tuberal area Located between the infundibulum and mamillary bodies Helps control pituitary gland function

95. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-10a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section A diagrammatic view of the hypothalamus, showing the locations of major nuclei and centers Suprachiasmatic nucleus Autonomic centers (parasympathetic) Paraventricular nucleus Autonomic centers (sympathetic) Supraoptic nucleus Tuberal nuclei Optic chiasm Infundibulum Pituitary gland Thalamus Preoptic area Interthalamic adhesion Hypothalamus Mid- brain Pons Mamillary body Tuberal area

96. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-10b The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section Infundibulum (cut) The hypothalamus and adjacent portions of the brain Optic nerve Optic chiasm Anterior commissure Frontal lobe Anterior cerebral artery Fornix Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Tuberal area

97. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-10b The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section Choroid plexus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Aqueduct of midbrain Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Mamillary body Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Parietal lobe The hypothalamus and adjacent portions of the brain

98. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus 1.Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle 2.Controls autonomic function 3.Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems 4.Secretes hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by supraoptic nucleus Oxytocin (OT; OXT) by paraventricular nucleus

99. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-7 The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus 5.Produces emotions and behavioral drives The feeding center (hunger) The thirst center (thirst) 6.Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions 7.Regulates body temperature Preoptic area of hypothalamus 8.Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles) Suprachiasmatic nucleus

100. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-6 Components and Functions of the Hypothalamus

101. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-8 The Limbic System The Limbic System Is a functional grouping that: Establishes emotional states Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

102. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-8 The Limbic System Components of the Limbic System Amygdaloid body Acts as interface between the limbic system, the cerebrum, and various sensory systems Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere Cingulate gyrus Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus

103. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-8 The Limbic System Components of the Limbic System Fornix Tract of white matter Connects hippocampus with hypothalamus Anterior nucleus of the thalamus Relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus Reticular formation Stimulation or inhibition affects emotions (rage, fear, pain, sexual arousal, pleasure)

104. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-11a The Limbic System A diagrammatic sagittal section through the cerebrum, showing the cortical areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal gyrus is shown as though transparent to make deeper limbic components visible. Temporal lobe of cerebrum Anterior group of thalamic nuclei Hypothalamus Mamillary body Components of the Limbic System in the Diencephalon Corpus callosum Fornix Pineal gland Components of the Limbic System in the Cerebrum The region of the cerebral hemisphere shown in green is known as the limbic lobe. Cingulate gyrus (superior portion of limbic lobe) Parahippocampal gyrus (inferior portion of limbic lobe) Hippocampus

105. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-11b The Limbic System Anterior nucleus of thalamus Hypothalamic nuclei Olfactory tract Amygdaloid body Hippocampus (with dentate gyrus) Cingulate gyrus Corpus callosum Fornix Mamillary body Hypothalamus Parahippocampal gyrus A three-dimensional reconstruction of the limbic system, showing the relationships among the major components.

106. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 14-7 The Limbic System

107. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-9 The Cerebrum The Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions Processes somatic sensory and motor information

108. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-9 The Cerebrum Gray Matter In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei White Matter Deep to basal cortex Around basal nuclei

109. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-9 The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Gyri of neural cortex Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons) Insula (“island” of cortex) Lies medial to lateral sulcus Longitudinal fissure Separates cerebral hemispheres Lobes Divisions of hemispheres

110. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14-9 The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Central sulcus divides: Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe Lateral sulcus divides: Frontal lobe from temporal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus divides: Parietal lobe from occipital lobe

111. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-12a The Brain in Lateral View Lateral sulcus Pons Medulla oblongata FRONTAL LOBE Central sulcus TEMPORAL LOBE Lateral view, cadaver brain Cerebellum OCCIPITAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE

112. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-12b The Brain in Lateral View FRONTAL LOBE Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Lateral sulcus Pons PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Lateral view

113. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-12c The Brain in Lateral View Insula Retractors along the lateral sulcus showing the insula

114. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14-12d The Brain in Lateral View Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE Parieto- occipital sulcus Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Midsagittal section TEMPORAL LOBE FRONTAL LOBE Precentral gyrus Cingulate gyrus