1. Modern Genocides Bosnia, Rwanda, and Darfur

2. Bosnia Population 4 million in 1991 3 main ethnic groups  Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) – 44%  Serb – 31%  Croat – 17%  Yugoslav – 8% 9we01bcsla.wordpress.com/.../gen icide-in-bosnia/

3. Bosnia April 5, 1992 – government of Bosnia declared independence from Yugoslavia Bosnian Serb leaders launched a war to create a separate state clanforlife.tripod.com

4. Bosnia Serbs targeted Bosniak and Croatian civilians in areas under their control “Ethnic cleansing”: rape, torture, murder, robbery, forced displacement Estimated 100,000 people killed 80,000 were Bosniaks (Muslim) www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/international/euro... Slobodan Milosevic, leader of Bosnia during genocide.

5. Bosnia Milosovic and Serbian separatists in Croatia and Bosnia convinced Serbian civilians that Croatian, Bosniak, and Albanian neighbors would threaten their rights. 3 towns that were designated as “safe havens” (Srebrinica, Zepa, Gorazde) were attacked in 1995.

6. Bosnia Responses:  U.N., the European Union, the United States, and Russia minimized the aggressive nature of the conflict and treated the Servs, Bosniaks, and Croats as equal “warring parties.” Aid  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees led an effort to tend to displaced persons, malnutrition, and medical emergencies

7. Bosnia Prosecutions: May 25, 1993, the UN Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia In 2001, ICTY judged that genocide had occurred in Srebrenica http://www.icty.org/sections/Press/Gallery Courtroom 1 during a swearing- in ceremony of Judges.

8. Rwanda Population in 1994 of 7 million with 3 ethnic groups  Hutu (85%)  Tutsi (14%)  Twa (1%) Hutu majority governed the country www.mapsofworld.com/.../rwanda-location- map.html

9. Rwanda Majority Hutus discriminated and at times used violence against minority Tutsis. Early 1990s, extremist Hutus blamed Tutsis for country’s social, economic, and political pressures. www.naturelinksafaris.co.ug/Rwanda.html

10. Rwanda 800,000 Tutsis murdered with government support Began April 6, 1994 and lasted 100 days Few international organizations helped United Nations sent in peacekeeping soldiers http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007216 A cemetery in Nyanza-Rebero, Rwanda, where genocide victims are buried.

11. Rwanda Response  International community was evacuated  Media did not emphasize intentional killing of civilians  Only a few humanitarian organizations stayed to help www.canadasworld.ca/timeline/19932000 Lt. Gen. Roméo Dallaire

12. Rwanda Responses  UN Security Council reduced peacekeeping forces, handicapping them  Genocide only ended when Tutsi-dominated rebel group, Rwandan Patriotic Front, defeated the Hutu regime www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showt hread.php?...

13. Rwanda Prosecutions: November 8, 1994, U.N. establishes International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania Sept. 2, 1998: ICTR 1 st ever conviction for genocide judgment of Jean-Paul Akayesu for inciting violence against Tutsis www.crimesofwar.org/icc_magazine/ icc-cassese.htmlRemove frame

14. Darfur Darfur is in Western Sudan, in Western Africa Since early 2003, the Sudanese government has fought rebel groups Janjaweed - Sudanese government militia http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/sd.htm

15. Darfur From 2003-2005, at least 200,000 died from violence, disease, and starvation Massive human rights abuses:  Murder  Rape  Persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion http://www.darfurscores.org/darfur

16. Darfur Livable land dwindling, making resources fewer 2007, two government employees indicted 2009 - President of Sudan charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/04/omar-bashir-sudan-president-arrest The Sudanese president, Omar al-Bashir, is alleged to have caused 35,000 violent deaths among the Fur, Marsalit and Zaghawa groups in Darfur. Photograph: Zohra Bensemra/Reuters

17. Darfur In September 2004, U.S. government declared the conflict in Darfur a “genocide.” In 2003, massive aid helped stem the death toll, but led humanitarian aid workers to become targets. johnfenzel.typepad.com/.../ trying_to_under.html

18. Darfur Prosecutions: March 31, 2004, the UN Security Council referred the case of Darfur, Sudan, to the International Criminal Court (ICC). In March of 2009, ICC issued a warrant of arrest for Sudanese President Omer al-Bashir on charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes. Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Mr. Luis Moreno-Ocampo www.unicri.it/media/media_spt.php