1. History 171ME The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. The First Palestinian Intifada

3. Summer 1982—Israeli invasion of Lebanon

4. Following Israeli invasion of Lebanon, PLO had to relocate to Tunisia, from which it was difficult to influence events in Israel/Palestine

5. September 1, 1982—Ronald Reagan issued Middle East peace plan, calling for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza, freeze on construction of Jewish settlements, and Palestinian federation with Jordan Reagan Plan

6. Some Arab states cautiously welcomed Reagan Plan; Israel and PLO opposed it Reagan Plan

7. September 9, 1982—Arab states at summit in Fez, Morocco, issued peace plan, calling for independent Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza with East Jerusalem as its capital; Israel rejected Fez Plan; US ignored it Fez Plan

8. Israeli occupation of West Bank and Gaza Strip

9. Israeli settlements in Occupied Territories

10. Late 1987—traffic accident in Gaza sparked spontaneous uprising (Intifada) among Palestinians; quickly spread to West Bank

12. Divided Israeli government Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Shamir Shimon Peres

13. Israeli government tried to put down Intifada by force but without using major firepower Yitzhak Rabin

14. Israeli government tried to put down Intifada by force but without using major firepower Injured Palestinians

15. 1988—Secretary of State George Shultz tried to resolve crisis without involving PLO; US govt would not recognize PLO until it recognized Israel, accepted Resolution 242, and renounced terrorism

16. The Terrorism Issue Arafat

17. The Terrorism Issue Arafat Begin

18. The Terrorism Issue Arafat Shamir Begin

19. UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 1967)

20. Shultz hoped Jordan could speak for Palestinians

21. ... but this possibility died in summer of 1988, when King Hussein renounced Jordan’s claim to West Bank

23. Arafat vs. Shultz

24. November 1988—Palestine National Council (PNC) met, accepted Resolution 242, and declared independent Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza (symbolic), implicitly recognizing Israel

25. Arafat at United Nations

26. December 1988— Arafat publicly recognized Israel, accepted 242, and renounced terrorism, prompting Reagan administration to open dialogue with PLO

27. Little came of US-PLO dialogue George H. W. Bush administration kept talks at low level and failed to pressure Israel to ease conditions in occupied territories

28. Little came of US-PLO dialogue George H. W. Bush administration kept talks at low level and failed to pressure Israel to ease conditions in occupied territories US Ambassador to Tunisia Robert Pelletreau

29. Little came of US-PLO dialogue Arafat failed to impose discipline over PLO

30. Little came of US-PLO dialogue June 1990—When Arafat refused to condemn attempted terrorist raid into Israel by PLO splinter group, Bush suspended US-PLO dialogue Abu Abbas

31. The First Gulf War

32. The Gulf Crisis and War of 1990-1991 left legacy of instability and danger that we still face today

33. George H. W. Bush 1989-1993

34. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

35. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

36. Special US envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein, 1983

37. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

38. When Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers and Iraqi Kurdish civilians, US crititicized Iraq, but only mildly

39. After Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, tensions arose between Iraq and Kuwait

40. Kuwait demanded repayment of $32 billion loan, but Iraq refused

41. July 1990—Saddam Hussein demanded islands of Bubiyan and Warba, threatened to invade Kuwait

42. Meeting between Ambassador April Glaspie and Saddam Hussein, July 25, 1990

43. August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation

44. President George H. W. Bush reacted cautiously at first

45. Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand

46. Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal

47. ... even receiving Soviet cooperation

48. Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution

49. Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia—“Operation Desert Shield”

50. Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf

51. To break up anti-Iraq coalition, Saddam offered to withdraw from Kuwait if Israel withdrew from Israeli occupied territories; Saddam’s offer generated enthusiasm in Arab world

52. Bush refused any quid pro quo but made vague commitment to address Arab-Israeli dispute after Iraq was ousted from Kuwait

53. November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991

54. Antiwar demonstrations