1. A Comparison of Ocular Turbidity Instruments for Shallow Waters Kent State University Robert Carlson Susan Pasko Joel Mulder Delaware State University Michael Reiter Creighton University John Shalles

2. Ocular Turbidity Instruments Used By Lake And Stream Volunteer Monitoring Programs Secchi Disk (all Colors) Secchi Disk (all Colors) Turbidity Tube Turbidity Tube Horizontal Black Disk Horizontal Black Disk Clarity Tube Clarity Tube

3. We compared these instruments During the summers of 2004 and 2005 During the summers of 2004 and 2005 In tributaries and main stems of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. In tributaries and main stems of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. Sampling Locations

4. Secchi Disk K Vertical Attenuation c Beam Attenuation ) Secchi Depth = Γ/(c + K d ) Where Where Γ incorporates eye’s contrast threshold, the disk reflectivity, and water reflectivities

5. Apparently no distinct advantages over Secchi disk Apparently no distinct advantages over Secchi disk …unless used in conjunction with Horizontal Black Disk …unless used in conjunction with Horizontal Black Disk Vertical Black Disk

6. Secchi Color Various Combinations of Black and White Disks are Used Various Combinations of Black and White Disks are Used

7. Disk Color Comparison Black Disk: ~48% Less Than B&W Black Disk: ~48% Less Than B&W White Disk: ~7-10% Greater than B&W White Disk: ~7-10% Greater than B&W

8. Horizontal Black Disk Can be used in shallow waters Can be used in shallow waters Limited only by distance you can obtain Limited only by distance you can obtain Measures beam attenuation (c) without interference Measures beam attenuation (c) without interference Black disk eliminates orientation error Black disk eliminates orientation error

9. Horizontal Clarity Tube Can be used in shallow waters Can be used in shallow waters Limited by length of tube Limited by length of tube Measures beam attenuation (c) without interference Measures beam attenuation (c) without interference Black disk eliminates orientation error Black disk eliminates orientation error

10. Vertical Turbidity Tube Can be used in shallow waters Can be used in shallow waters Correlates with turbidity Correlates with turbidity Theoretical aspects unknown Theoretical aspects unknown

11. Clarity Tube Horizontal vs. Vertical No Significant Difference in Slope or Intercept (p<) No Significant Difference in Slope or Intercept (p<)

12. Clarity Tube vs. Turbidity Tube

13. Use of Slider Target in Turbidity Tube Slope not significantly different from 1 Slope not significantly different from 1

14. Comparing Tubes to Secchi Disk Relationships with Secchi appears linear Relationships with Secchi appears linear Calibrations seem possible Calibrations seem possible

15. Conclusions Readings of the Clarity and Turbidity tubes closely correlated but gave significantly different readings for the same water samples. Readings of the Clarity and Turbidity tubes closely correlated but gave significantly different readings for the same water samples. No significant differences were found in the readings when the clarity tube is held vertically or horizontally. No significant differences were found in the readings when the clarity tube is held vertically or horizontally. It may be that accurate calibration equations can be made between the instruments. It may be that accurate calibration equations can be made between the instruments.

16. We hypothesize that Claims that the clarity tube is a superior instrument because it measures horizontal beam attenuation, while the vertical tube, measures beam attenuation and vertical extinction simultaneously cannot be supported Claims that the clarity tube is a superior instrument because it measures horizontal beam attenuation, while the vertical tube, measures beam attenuation and vertical extinction simultaneously cannot be supported Both the Clarity Tube and the Turbidity Tube, independent of orientation, measure beam attenuation since light enters throughout the length of the tube. Both the Clarity Tube and the Turbidity Tube, independent of orientation, measure beam attenuation since light enters throughout the length of the tube. The differences in readings between the tubes appear to be in the nature of the targets: The differences in readings between the tubes appear to be in the nature of the targets: the slider target is backlit by the water, the slider target is backlit by the water, the turbidity tube’s target can be seen only when the white portion of the target can be discriminated from the black. the turbidity tube’s target can be seen only when the white portion of the target can be discriminated from the black. There appears to be no theoretical advantage to the horizontally- held tube. There appears to be no theoretical advantage to the horizontally- held tube. The slider is much easier to use and would facilitate cross- instrument calibration The slider is much easier to use and would facilitate cross- instrument calibration