February, 2009 Photo-Ionization Detectors Use, Care, Calibration & Applications for Use Tim Kearney, CSP Argus Hazco Byron Center, Michigan

Training Agenda What is a Photoionization Detector (PID)
RAE Systems MiniRAE 3000 Overview Power Supply Recommended Daily Use Procedure Hygiene & Survey Mode & Displays Best Practice for Verifying & Calibrating Maintenance Issues Applications for use of PID’s General Specifications Product Overview MiniRAE 3000 Accessories What makes the MiniRAE3000 unique? MiniRAE 3000 Pricing What comes with your MiniRAE 3000? Features and Benefits

One instrument, two models
MiniRAE™ 3000 0.1 to 15,000 ppm ppbRAE™ 3000 1 ppb to 10,000 ppm 1 0.1 15,000 ppb ppm 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

PID - Operating Principle
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID - Operating Principle PIDs use ultraviolet light as source of energy to remove an electron from neutrally charged target molecules creating electrically charged fragments (ions) This produces a flow of electrical current proportional to the concentration of contaminant The amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a particular molecule is the ionization potential (or IP) The energy must be greater than the IP in order for an ionization detector to be able to detect a particular substance

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE
October 26th, 2005 How does a PID work? 100.0 ppm Gas enters the instrument It passes by the UV lamp It is now “ionized” Charged gas ions flow to charged plates in the sensor and current is produced Current is measured and concentration is displayed on the meter. + - Gas “Reforms” and exits the instrument intact An optical system using Ultraviolet lamp to breakdown vapors and gases for measurement

October 26th, 2005 How does a PID work?

Photoionization Detectors
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Photoionization Detectors Lamps are available in a number of output energies, typically: 9.8 eV (Calcium fluoride window) 10.6 eV (Magnesium fluoride window) 11.7 eV (Lithium fluoride window)

October 26th, 2005 Ionization Potential IP determines if the PID can detect the gas If the IP of the gas is less than the eV output of the lamp the PID can detect the gas Ionization Potentials are found in manufacturer reference tables, NIOSH Pocket Guide and many chemical texts.

October 26th, 2005 What does a PID Measure? Some Ionization Potentials (IPs) for Common Chemicals 9.8 eV Lamp 10.6 eV Lamp 11.7 eV Lamp Not Ionizable 15 14.01 14 Ionization Potential (eV) 13 12.1 12 11.47 11.32 10.66 11 9.99 10.1 10.5 10 9.24 9.54 9 8.4 8 MEK IPA Styrene Benzene Ethylene Methylene chloride Oxygen Carbon Monoxide Vinyl Chloride Acetic Acid Carbon Tet.

Characteristics of PID Lamps
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Characteristics of PID Lamps Sealed borosillicate glass body Window of specific crystalline material Filled with specific noble gas or mixture of noble gases 10.6 eV lamp should last 10,000 operating hours or three years or longer

Photoionization Detectors
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Photoionization Detectors Nominal Lamp Photon Energies Gas in Lamp Major Emission Lines Relative Intensity Window Crystal Cystal transmittace λ Range (nm) eV (nm) 11.7eV Argon 11.83 104.8 1000 Lithium fluoride (LiF) 11.62 106.7 500 10.6eV Krypton 10.64 116.5 200 Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) 10.03 123.6 650 9.8eV Calcium fluoride (CaF2)

Characteristics of PID Lamps
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Characteristics of PID Lamps Efficiency of 11.7eV Ionization 10.6eV eV 105nm 120nm

Which Compounds are Detectable?
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Which Compounds are Detectable? Organics: Compounds Containing Carbon (C) Aromatics - compounds containing a benzene ring BETX: benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, xylene Ketones & Aldehydes - compounds with a C=O bond acetone, MEK, acetaldehyde Amines & Amides - Carbon compounds containing Nitrogen diethyl amine Chlorinated hydrocarbons - trichloroethylene (TCE) Unsaturated hydrocarbons – C=C & C C compounds butadiene, isobutylene Alcohol’s ethanol Saturated hydrocarbons butane, octane Sulfur compounds – mercaptans, carbon disulfide Inorganics: Compounds without Carbon Ammonia Semiconductor gases: Arsine, Phosphine Hydrogen sulfide Chlorine VOCs Vapor Pressures > 1.0 mm 20o C VOCs Boiling Point <200o C.

Compounds NOT Detectable by PID
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Compounds NOT Detectable by PID Radiation Air N2 O2 CO2 H2O Argon Toxics CO HCN SO2 SOX Natural gas Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Acids HCl HF HNO3 Others Freon's Ozone O3 Metals Semi-Volatiles - PAH, higher phenols Non-Volatiles - PCBs, pesticides

What is the MiniRAE™ ³ººº ?
3rd Generation PID from RAE Systems First portable VOC gas monitor with a built-in wireless radio modem for real-time data & alarm transmission Designed for use by both basic or advanced users in harsh environments and hazardous areas

General Specifications
Handheld VOC monitor with pump Large, high resolution graphic display On-demand or automatic backlight 4 alarms: LOW, HIGH, STEL (tox) and TWA (tox) Ultra-bright top optical alarm 95dB acoustic alarm Integrated flaslight

Size and Weight: 10”L x 3.0”W x 2.5”H (25.5 cm x 7.6 cm x 6.4 cm) 26 oz (738 g) Photoionization Sensor: Standard 10.6eV or optional 9.8 eV or 11.7 eV lamps Battery Options: Rechargeable, external, field replaceable Lithium-ion battery pack Alkaline battery adapter Direct Readout of VOC Concentration: VOCs as ppm by volume High and low values STEL and TWA Battery and shut down voltage Date, time, temperature Alarms: 95dB buzzer (at 30 cm) and flashing red LED

IP Rating: IP-67 while unit is off, without flexible probe IP-65 while unit is on Sampling Pump: Internal, integrated flow rate at 400 cc/mm Sample from 100’ (30m) horizontally and vertically Frequency: 915 MHz (license-free), 2.4 GHz (license-free), 433 MHz, 869 MHz RF Range: Up to 500 feet (915 MHz, 433 Mhz, 869 Mhz); extendable with RAELink3 Repeater to 2 miles Hazard Area Approval US and Canada: UL, cUL, Classified as Intrinsically Safe for use in Class I, Division I Groups A, B, C, D

Product Overview Visual Alarm Gas inlet Flex-i-probe LCD
PID sensor & lamp Gas outlet port (not shown) 3 programming buttons Removable rubber boot Flashlight button In-built Wireless modem (Not Shown – behind the product label) Communications and battery charging contacts port (Not Shown)

Accessories Charging / Download Cradle: Instrument charge
2nd backup battery charge USB connection 2nd battery charging port USB connector Charger connector

MiniRAE 3000 Features: Improved PID performance :
0.1 ppm to 15,000 ppm (unique measurement range) Accuracy +/- 3% at cal point (in ppm isobutylene range) 3 points calibration option Humidity compensation with in-built Temperature and Humidity sensors (reduces quenching effect) Automatic lamp type recognition Plug and play PID module with stored calibration data

MiniRAE 3000 Features: Large Graphic Display
Large numerical size for concentration display Plot view in Search mode Easy correction factor access through Last Ten or My List menu Over 200 in built correction factors from the 350 RAE Systems compound CF list (TN-106)

MiniRAE 3000 Features: In-built Bluetooth Wireless option:
Data download to computer Wireless link to RAELink3 * Bluetooth wireless link Wireless data transmission LONG distance only if used with RAELink3 Instruments localization with RAELink3 GPS Data download to computer wireless (GammaRAE II type) RAElink 3 Max distance 3 m / 10 ft Hazardous Area

MiniRAE 3000 Features: In-built Wireless modem option:
Wireless link to RAELink3* Wireless link directly to host modem & software Radio 915/869/433 mhz Max distance in industrial environment 150 m / 500 ft NO Instruments GPS localization No Modem belt worn Wireless data transmission SHORT distance (not covering plant) Max distance in industrial environment 1000 m / 3000 ft Hazardous Area

MiniRAE 3000 Features: Waterproof Design:
IP-67 when unit is off (for decontamination or cleaning) IP-65 when unit is on

MiniRAE 3000 Features: Integrated Flashlight
Operable in dark conditions and provides an added safety feature

User Interface User Interface: Y/+: tests alarms N/- MODE (on)
LEDs and flashlight User Interface: Y/+: tests alarms N/- MODE (on) Flashlight on/off key Display MODE key Flashlight on/off key

Control Buttons Y/+ always controls left-hand response & increases numerical values N/- controls right-hand response & moves to next digit MODE controls center & returns to previous menu

Start-up: Turning On Press and hold
When display appears release Mode key Instrument performs self- test Final display shows and unit is ready for zero calibration

Power Supply Features:
MiniRAE 3000 Power Running time 16 hours with Li-Ion 10 hours with Alkaline Easy access to battery Remove and replace batteries in seconds without any tools Alkaline adapter available

Charging Unit To Charge unit To remove unit from charger
Push instrument down on charger Set back of unit against back wall of charger To remove unit from charger Push down on instrument Pull unit towards you

Removing Battery Rubber boot stays on monitor First push down on tab
Then pull battery from instrument

Charging Battery Use back of charging station to charge battery externally Push into contacts Lay battery flat To remove battery Push battery towards station Lift battery off of charging station

Power Off Hold for full 3 seconds
Audible alarm will beep and unit will countdown 5 seconds Release when you see “Unit Off…” Unit will stay on if you release MODE key before countdown completes

MiniRAE 3000 Self-Cleaning
Patented RAE Systems Design Lamp runs for 4 hours during charging Generates small amounts of ozone to scrub sensor and lamp clean Without probe user will see lamp glow purple during charging Increases lamp life Drastically increases PID stability and reduces requirement for cleaning (Refer to TN-165)

Optional Self-Cleaning Duty-Cycle
Normal operating pump Pump during duty-cycle Normal operation, pump shows inflow and outflow Duty-cycle, pump shows inflow and pump stopped With pump stopped, lamp generates small amounts of ozone which helps to scrub sensor and lamp clean Pump starts, dirt is removed from lamp Drastically increases PID stability and reduces requirement for cleaning (Refer to TN- 165)

What comes with the MiniRAE 3000?
Monitor only includes: MiniRAE 3000 Monitor. Model PGM-7320 Wireless communication in build, as specified Datalogging with ProRAE Studio Package for Windowsill 95, 98, NT. ME & XP Charging/download adapter RAE UV lamp. as specified Flex-I-Probe External filter Rubber boot Alkaline battery adapter Lamp cleaning kit Tool Kit Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery with universal AC/DC charger and international plug kit Operation CDROM Operation & Maintenance manual Soft leather carrying case Monitor with Accessories Kit adds: Hard transport case with pre-cut foam Charging/download cradle 5 Porous metal filters and 0-rings Organic vapor zeroing kit Gas outlet port adapter and tubing Optional Calibration Kit adds: 100 ppm isobutylene calibration gas, 34L Calibration regulator & flow controller Optional Guaranteed Cost of Ownership Available in North America only 4-year repair and replacement guarantee Annual maintenance service

Start-up Option: Programmable Zero Calibration
Unit performs Zero calibration after warm-up “apply zero gas…” If in fresh air, the M3K can be calibrated, If in potentially contaminated air, a Zeroing kit can be used

Start-up: Lamp Alarm “Lamp” alarm may occur on start-up
This indicates that PID lamp has failed to light Wait 1-2 minutes If “Lamp” message remains, turn off MiniRAE 3000 and restart “Lamp” alarm clears and MiniRAE 3000 is ready for use If after restart, “Lamp” message remains, the PID needs service

Start-up: Humidity Check
It is important to check if the instrument responds to moisture Cup hand over inlet or breathe into inlet for seconds Do not block flow If M3K reads >2 ppm or p3K reads >500 ppb, then the sensor needs cleaning

Humidity Filtering II Tubes
Flex-I-Probe (p/n ) Tube Tip Breaker Tube Adapter (p/n ) Humidity Filtering II Tube (10-pack, p/n ) Temporary relief for a dirty sensor Dries sample gas for about ½ hour Measure VOCs; multiple sample use OK Useful for gasoline and chlorinated solvents CAUTION: May cause low response for some compounds or at low temperature or concentration

Two main operating modes:
Hygiene/Search Mode Two main operating modes: Hygiene Mode: The factory default mode. After warm-up the meter samples continuously Search Mode: After warm-up the pump shuts off and “Ready…” is displayed.

Hygiene Mode/Basic User
Screens Current readings TWA/STEL/PEAK Date/Time/Temperature Calibration Gas/Measurement Gas/Correction Factor Enter PC Communications

Hygiene Mode/Advanced User
Differences Change reference gas without entering Programming Mode Change measurement gas when reference gas is Isobutylene

Hygiene Mode/Basic User
*Dashed (- - -) line is automatic return

Change reference gas without entering Programming Mode Change measurement gas when reference gas is Isobutylene

Hygiene Mode Reading in ppm Gas information Calibration needed
Wireless status Battery status Datalog Pump Status Press N/- to move to next screen

TWA/STEL/PEAK TWA reading STEL reading Peak reading Press Y/+ to clear
Press N/- to move to next screen

Date/Time/Temp Date Time Internal temperature

Gas Display Calibration Gas Measurement Gas Correction factor

PC Communication Enter PC communication and stop sampling
Press Y/+ to enter PC Comm mode Press Y/+ to exit after communication is complete Press N/- to move to next screen

Alarm Signals

Search Mode A discrete sampling mode can easily start/stop datalogging for many points Perfect for drum or headspace sampling Optional graphic screen

Optional Graphic Screen
Using ProRAE Studio, set display to graphic display Or Leave display in ppm reading

Search Mode/Basic User
Screens Ready?... Start Sampling User ID/Site ID/Correction Factor Current gas readings Stop sampling? AVG/PEAK Date/Time/Temperature Calibration Gas/Measurement Gas/Correction Factor Enter PC Communications

Search Mode/Advanced User
Differences Change reference gas without entering Programming Mode Change measurement gas when reference gas is Isobutylene

Search Mode/Basic User

Search Mode/Advanced User
Change reference gas without entering Programming Mode Change measurement gas when reference gas is Isobutylene

Programming Mode Press and Hold N/- and MODE to enter Programming
Input password “0000” Or Press MODE

Programming Mode Navigate using interface of “Select,” “Back,” and “Next” Press “MODE” to exit Programming Y/+ to increase numerical values or confirm a question N/- to move the cursor

ISEA Statement on Validating Operation of Direct Reading Gas Monitors
Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 ISEA Statement on Validating Operation of Direct Reading Gas Monitors

International Safety Equipment Association
Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 International Safety Equipment Association Define and clarify the differences between bump test (function check), calibration check, and full calibration; Clarify when these validation methods are to be performed; and Reemphasize to users, regulatory agencies and standards writing bodies the importance of validating the operational capabilities of portable gas monitors used to examine the atmosphere in potentially hazardous locations.

Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 ISEA - Definitions Bump Test (Function Check) - A qualitative function check where a challenge gas is passed over the sensor(s) at a concentration and exposure time sufficient to activate all alarm indicators to present at least their lower alarm setting. The purpose of this check is to confirm that gas can get to the sensor(s) and that all the alarms present are functional. Calibration Check - A quantitative test utilizing a known traceable concentration of test gas to demonstrate that the sensor(s) and alarms respond to the gas within manufacturer’s acceptable limits. This is typically ±10-20% of the test gas concentration. Full Calibration – The adjustment of the sensor(s) response to match the desired value compared to a known traceable concentration of test gas.

ISEA Recommended Frequency
Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 ISEA Recommended Frequency A bump test (function check) or calibration check of portable gas monitors should be conducted before each day’s use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Any portable gas monitor which fails a bump test (function check) or calibration check must be adjusted by means of a full calibration procedure before further use, or removed from service. A full calibration should be conducted at regular intervals in accordance with instructions specified by the instrument’s manufacturer, internal company policy, or a regulatory agency.

Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 Validation of an Instrument’s Operability should be conducted if any of the following conditions or events occurs during use: Chronic exposures to, and use in, extreme environmental conditions, such as high/low temperature and humidity, and high levels of airborne particulates. Exposure to high (over range) concentrations of the target gases and vapors. Chronic or acute exposure of catalytic hot-bead LEL sensors to poisons and inhibitors. These include volatile silicones, hydride gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, and sulfide gases. Chronic or acute exposure of electrochemical toxic gas sensors to solvent vapors and highly corrosive gases.

Centennial Electric November 11th, 2011 Validation of an Instrument’s Operability should be conducted if any of the following conditions or events occurs during use: Harsh storage and operating conditions, such as when a portable gas monitor is dropped onto a hard surface or submerged in liquid. Normal handling/jostling of the monitors can create enough vibration or shock over time to affect electronic components and circuitry. Change in custody of the monitor. Change in work conditions that might have an adverse effect on sensors. Any other conditions that would potentially affect the performance of the monitor.

Two-point vs Three-point Calibration
Three-point calibration can be added for enhanced accuracy Feature is added through ProRAE Studio Second, higher concentration of calibration gas is required After calibrating Span Gas 1, display moves to Span Gas 2

Calibration You need: Zero-grade air bottle, or zeroing calibration kit Bottle of 100ppm Isobutylene with .5L regulator and/or tedlar bag, or matched flow regulator (MiniRAE 3000) Bottle of 10ppm Isobutylene with .5L regulator and/or tedlar bag, or matched flow regulator (ppbRAE 3000)

Matched Flow Calibration
For best accuracy a matched flow calibration is required! Use matched flow regulator or Tedlar bag Fill Tedlar bag with calibration gas and then draw down with MiniRAE 3000 Use “T” or open tube connection with excess flow ppbRAE 3000 always requires matched flow calibration!

Calibration Press Y/+ to select Calibration Menu and Calibration type
Press N/- to toggle between Zero calibration and Span calibration Press MODE to exit Calibration Menu

Zero Calibration Press [Y/+] to select Zero Calibration
Press [MODE] to return to main display Press [N/-] to select Span Calibration

Zero Calibration If in fresh air, the M3K can be calibrated,
The ppbRAE 3000 needs Zero grade air, or a Zeroing kit Press Y/+ to start calibration

Span Calibration After Zero Calibration, menu returns to calibration selection with Span Calibration highlighted Press [Y/+] to enter Span calibration. Press [N/-] to skip Span calibration and return to Zero calibration. Press [MODE] to exit and return to the top calibration menu.

Span Calibration Turn on your span calibration gas.
Press Y/+ to initiate calibration. Press N/- to abort calibration

Span Calibration Calibration is complete when instrument reads:
Span 1 is done! Reading = xxx. ppm Instrument then moves to request Three point calibration Select Yes/+ to continue, N/- to skip Press MODE to return to normal Operations

Span 2 is done! Reading = xxx. ppm Press MODE to return to normal Operations

Span Calibration The menu will return to calibration selection with Span Calibration highlighted Using a Matched-flow regulator, tedlar bag, or 500 cc/min regulator, attach 100ppm Isobutylene for the MiniRAE 3000 or 10ppm Isobutylene for the ppbRAE 3000 Press Y/+ to enter Span calibration. Press N/- to skip Span calibration and return to Zero calibration. Press MODE to exit and return to the top calibration menu.

Span Calibration Turn on your span calibration gas.
Press Y/+ to initiate calibration. Press N/- to abort calibration

Span 1 is done! Reading = xxx. ppm Instrument then returns to Zero Calibration menu Select MODE to return to regular Operations Instrument will then update settings

Two-Point Calibration

Measurement Gas and Unit
Measurement gases has 4 lists My list: maximum of 10, starting with Isobutylene Last Ten: last ten used by instrument Gas Library: all gases in TN-106 Custom Gases: user modified via ProRAE Sudio

Measurement Lists Press N/- to scroll through list Press Y/+ to select

Measurement Lists Once List is selected, Press MODE to exit
Press N/- to scroll through options Press Y/+ to select option Press MODE to exit Press Y/+ to save selection or N/- not to save

Measurement List Abbreviation Unit MiniRAE 3000 ppbRAE 3000 ppm
parts per million Yes ppb parts per billion mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter ug/m3 micrograms per cubic meter

Alarm setting Press Y/+ to change High, Low, STEL, and/or TWA alarm
Scroll through the menu with N/- Press Y/+ to select alarm to change

Alarm setting Cursor flashes over digits of alarm limit
Press Y/+ to increase each digit value Advance to the next number with N/- Press MODE when done Press Y/+ to accept change Press N/- to cancel change

Alarm type Latched alarm – although alarm environment might have cleared, Y/+ must be pressed to acknowledge alarm Automatic reset – once environment has cleared, alarm will stop (default setting)

Buzzer & Light Program Light and buzzer
Both on Light only Buzzer only Both off Press N/- to go to next option, Press Y/+ to select and Mode to exit

Datalog Press Y/+ to enter Datalog Menu
Clear Datalog Interval Data Selection Datalog Type Press N/- to move to next menu, and MODE to return to normal operations

Clear Datalog Erases all the datalog stored in instrument
Press Y/+ to clear data Display asks “Are you sure?” Press Y/+ to confirm Press N/- to keep data

Interval Intervals are shown in seconds Default is 60 seconds
Maximum is 3600 Press Y/+ to increase each digit Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE when done Press Y/+ to save and N/- to cancel changes

Data Selection Choose type of data to store
Average Maximum Minimum Press N/- to move from one selection to next Press Y/+ to choose data, “X” shows which data is stored Press MODE when done Press Y/+ to save and N/- to cancel changes

Datalog Type Three Datalog Types
Automatic – Default mode, unit datalogs while running Manual – unit datalog only when datalog is manualy turned on Snapshot – datalogs during only single-event capture sampling

Datalog Type To make changes to Datalog Type When done, press MODE
Press N/- to move to next option Press Y/+ to accept change When done, press MODE Press Y/+ to save changes Press N/- to discard changes

Monitor Setup Op Mode Site ID User ID User Mode Date Time
Pump Duty Cycle Pump Speed Temperature Unit

Monitor Setup Language Radio Power Real Time Protocol Power On Zero
Unit ID LCD Contrast

Op Mode Switch between Hygiene or Search Mode by pressing N/- to highlight the option Press Y/+ to select mode Press MODE to accept change Press Y/+ to save and N/- to discard change

Site ID Enter 8-digit alpha/numeric/character Site ID
Press Y/+ to display current Site ID Press Y/+ to change the number/letter/character Note – the last four digits must be numbers

Site ID Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE to exit
If there has been a change, Y/+ to save N/- to discard any changes

User ID Enter 8-digit alpha/numeric User ID
Press Y/+ to display current User ID Press Y/+ to change the number/letter

User ID Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE to exit
If there has been a change, Y/+ to save N/- to discard any changes

User Mode Basic Mode – User can only see and use a basic set of functions Advanced Mode – Advanced users can see and use all screens and perform all available features

User Mode Press N/- to change option
Highlight will move to next selection each time N/- is pressed Press Y/+ to make selection Press MODE to choose Basic or Advanced Mode Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Date Date is expressed as Month/Day/Year, with two digits for each.
Press Y/+ to display current date Note that the left-most digit flashes to indicate it is selected

Date Press Y/+ to change the number
Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE once the Date has been changed completely Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Time Time is expressed as Hours/Minutes/Seconds, with two digits for each. Time is in 24-hour (Military) format Press Y/+ to display current time Note that the left-most digit flashes to indicate it is selected

Time Press Y/+ to change the number
Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE once the Time has been changed completely Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Duty-Cycle The pump’s duty cycle is the ratio of its on-time to off-time. The duty cycle ranges from 50% to 100% (always on), and the period is 10 seconds. Therefore, a duty cycle of 60% means that the pump is on for 6 seconds and off for four seconds. Duty cycling is employed by the instrument to clean the PID. A lower duty cycle has a greater effect on keeping the PID clean than a higher duty cycle.

Duty-Cycle Important! Pump duty cycling is interrupted when the instrument senses a gas. The pump’s duty cycle is disabled when the measurement is greater than the 2ppm threshold and is re-enabled when the reading falls below 90% of the threshold (1.8 ppm).

Duty Cycle Press Y/+ to increase value When done, press MODE
Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Temperature Unit Choose Temperature measurement Fahrenheit or Celsius units. Press N/- to highlight selection Press Y/+ to select Temperature unit When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Pump Speed Choose high or low pump speed
Low speed conserves battery and is quieter Press N/- to highlight selection Press Y/+ to select Pump speed When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Language English is default language, 12 languages are available
Press N/- to highlight selection Press Y/+ to select Language When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Radio Power Radio connection can be turned on or off
Press N/- to highlight selection Press Y/+ to select radio setting When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Real Time Protocol P2M – cable – Point to multipoint.
Data is transferred from the instrument to multiple locations using a wired connection P2P – cable – Point to point. Data is transferred only between the instrument and one other location, such as a computer P2M – wireless - Point to multipoint, wireless. Data is transferred wirelessly and can be received by multiple receivers

Real Time Protocol Press N/- to highlight selection
Press Y/+ to select Real time protocol setting When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Power On Zero Program instrument to request a Zero calibration on start-up Press N/- to highlight selection Press Y/+ to select Power on zero When done, press MODE Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Unit ID Three digit number to separate wireless units on the same network ID Units must have individual ID values Press Y/+ to change the number Press N/- to move to the next digit Press MODE once the Unit ID has been changed completely Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

LCD Contrast Increase or decrease contrast of display
Minimum value is 20 Maximum value is 60 Press Y/+ to increase, N/- to decrease the value Press MODE once the Contrast has been changed Y/+ to accept change, N/- to discard change

Monitor Set up At any time, press MODE to return to normal operations
When inside a menu selection, press MODE to move to the top menu

Maintenance Clean PID Lamp & Sensor
When display creeps upwards after good zero When PID responds to moisture When movement of PID results in response on display Clean Sensor Dirty Sensor Bias Electrode Bias Electrode Sensing Electrode Sensing Electrode No dirt build-up to foster a decrease in airspace resistance Dirt build-up absorbs water and breaks down airspace resistance leading to sensor “leakage” or moisture response

Maintenance How to clean the PID lamp
Use anhydrous methanol (Lamp cleaning solution) Use finger cots to hold lamp Dip cotton swap in methanol and clean flat top surface of lamp Dry lamp face with lens tissue

Maintenance How to Clean PID Sensor Drying the PID Sensor
Always clean sample probe and replace or clean filters FIRST! If PID holds a stable zero after this step then further cleaning may not be necessary Use anhydrous methanol (Lamp cleaning solution) Clean sensor by immersion and agitation in cleaning solution Ultrasonic Cleaner (Jewelry cleaner) for 15 min. cleans much better than just dipping in Drying the PID Sensor Let air dry overnight Warm air (not hot) will speed drying

PID Instruments Are Nonspecific
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Instruments Are Nonspecific Reading is sum of signals of all detectable substances present, also: Reading is function of their varying ionization potentials and other physical properties PID readings always relative to gas used to calibrate detector Equivalent concentrations of gases other than the one used to calibrate the instrument may not produce equivalent readings! Calibration based on ion current sensed at the detector in response to a known concentration of a known gas or vapor

Response is Relative to Gas Measured
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Response is Relative to Gas Measured PID response to gases other than the one used for calibration relative in nature Reading of 10 ppm only indicates ion current experienced by detector equivalent to that produced by 10 ppm concentration calibrant Amount of different contaminant needed to produce same current may be larger or smaller than the concentration of calibrant Since PID readings are always relative to calibrant, should be recorded as ppm- calibration gas equivalent units, or PID units, never as true concentrations unless: (1) The contaminant being monitored is the same as the one used to calibrate the instrument, or (2) The reading is corrected to account for any difference in relative response

PID Correction Factors
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Correction Factors Most manufacturers furnish tables, or built-in library of correction factors to correct or normalize readings when contaminant known Advanced designs allow users to store calibration curves for several different calibration gases, then pick from the built-in library of correction factors to provide readings for the contaminant being measured Thus, user might pick 100 ppm isobutylene from the list of calibration curves stored in the instrument’s memory, then choose acetone as the contaminant being measured. In this case the instrument is able to express readings in true parts per million acetone equivalent concentrations

PID Correction Factors
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Correction Factors Correction Factor (CF) is a measure of the sensitivity of the PID to a specific gas CFs are scaling factors, they do not make a PID specific to a chemical, they only correct the scale to that chemical Correction Factors allow calibration on cheap, non- toxic “surrogate” gas

CF’s measure sensitivity
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 CF’s measure sensitivity Low CF = high PID sensitivity to a gas If the chemical is bad for you then the PID needs to be sensitive to it If Exposure limit is < 10 ppm, CF < 1 If the chemical isn’t too bad then the PID doesn’t need to be as sensitive to it If Exposure limit is > 10 ppm, CF < 10 Use PIDs for gross leak detectors when CF > 10 In real world, higher the CF of the contaminant, the greater the effect on total reading due to other detectable contaminants

Selectivity Vs Sensitivity
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Selectivity Vs Sensitivity No Correction Factor is used until compound is identified Identify then Quantify!

PID readings only quantifiable if measuring a known substance
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID readings only quantifiable if measuring a known substance PID allows quantified readings only when substance measured is known If substance is known, readings quantifiable to sub-ppm resolution If substance unknown, readings should be expressed as “Isobutylene” or “PID” units CF should not be used unless and until contaminant identified

October 26th, 2005 CF Example: Toluene Toluene CF with 10.6eV lamp is 0.5 so PID is very sensitive to Toluene If PID reads 100 ppm of isobutylene units in a Toluene atmosphere Then the actual concentration is 50 ppm Toluene units 0.5CF x 100 ppmiso= 50 ppmtoluene

October 26th, 2005 CF Example: Ammonia Ammonia CF with 10.6eV lamp is 9.7 so PID is less sensitive to Ammonia If PID reads 100 ppm of isobutylene units in an Ammonia atmosphere Then the actual concentration is 970 ppm Ammonia units 9.7CF x 100 ppmiso= 970 ppmammonia

Making a Decision with a PID
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Making a Decision with a PID Two sensitivities must be understood to make a decision with a PID Human Sensitivity: as defined by AGCIH, NIOSH, OSHA or corporate exposure limits PID Sensitivity: as defined through testing by the manufacturer of your PID (RAE CF) ONLY USE A CORRECTION FACTOR FROM THE MANUFACTURER OF YOUR PID!

Making a Decision with a PID
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 Making a Decision with a PID Three scenarios on how to make a decision with a PID Single Gas/Vapor Gas/Vapor mixture with constant make-up Gas/Vapor mixture with varying make-up

PID Alarms: Single Chemical
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Single Chemical Single Chemicals are easy Identify the chemical Set the PID Correction Factor to that chemical Find the Exposure Limit(s) for the chemical Set the PID alarms according to the exposure limits

PID Alarms: Constant Mixtures
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Constant Mixtures Paint: 15% Styrene and 85% Xylene ELmix = 1/(0.15/ /100) = 87 ppm Where: 0.15 is 15% styrene 50 is the 50 ppm exposure limit for styrene 0.85 is 85% xylene 100 is the 100 ppm exposure limit for xylene Ref: NIOSH Pocket guide

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Constant Mixtures Paint: 15% Styrene and 85% Xylene CFmix = 1/(0.15/ /.6) = 0.56 Where: 0.15 is 15% styrene 0.4 is the CF styrene 0.85 is 85% xylene 0.6 is the CF for xylene

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Constant Mixtures Paint: 15% Styrene and 85% Xylene PID registers reading of 120iso (PID readings in ppm Isobutylene units) Multiply by correction factor of 0.56mix True concentration of mixture = 67.2mix ppm This is under the calculated exposure limit of 87mix ppm for the mixture

PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures
Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures The Controlling Compound Every mixture has a compound that is the most toxic and “controls” the setpoint for the whole mixture Determine that chemical and you can determine a conservative mixture setpoint If we are safe for the “worst” chemical we will be safe for all chemicals

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures Chemical Name 10.6eV CF Exposure Limit Ethanol 12 1000 Toluene 0.50 100 Acetone 1.1 750 Ethanol “appears” to be the safest compound Toluene “appears” to be the most toxic This table only provides half of the decision making equation

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures Set the PID for the compound with the lowest Exposure Limit (EL) in equivalent units and you are safe for all of the chemicals in the mixture Divide the EL in chemical units by CF to get the EL in isobutylene ELchemical CFchemical ELIsobutylene =

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures Chemical Name 10.6eV CF EL Isobutylene Ethanol 12 1000 83.33 Toluene 0.50 100 200.00 Acetone 1.1 750 681.82 Actually, lower sensitivity on the PID makes Ethanol the “controlling compound” when the Exposure Limits are expressed in equivalent “Isobutylene Units”

Direct Reading Instruments for CSE October 26th, 2005 PID Alarms: Varying Mixtures Setting the PID to 83 ppm alarm in Isobutylene units protects from all three chemicals no matter what their ratio IMPORTANT: Equivalent ELiso is a calculation that involves a vendor specific Correction Factor (CF) Similar calculations can be done for any PID brand that has a published CF list

February, 2009 Photo-Ionization Detectors Use, Care, Calibration & Applications for Use Tim Kearney, CSP Argus Hazco Byron Center, Michigan

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "February, 2009 Photo-Ionization Detectors Use, Care, Calibration & Applications for Use Tim Kearney, CSP Argus Hazco Byron Center, Michigan"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

February, 2009 Photo-Ionization Detectors Use, Care, Calibration & Applications for Use Tim Kearney, CSP Argus Hazco Byron Center, Michigan

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "February, 2009 Photo-Ionization Detectors Use, Care, Calibration & Applications for Use Tim Kearney, CSP Argus Hazco Byron Center, Michigan"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback