1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2. Transmission of diseases  Vector borne transmission:  Spread by insect or other animal  Contact transmission:  Direct vs indirect  Airborne transmission:  Respiratory droplets  Prevention

3. Our body’s responses  Defense mechanisms  Physical or surface barriers  Inflammation  Immune response

4. Physical and surface barriers  Best defense?  Largest organ  Must have portal of entry

5. Inflammation Chemical agent Physical agent Pathogenic microorganism Tissue Injury Mediators of Inflammation Increased blood flow Extravasation of fluid Migration of white blood cells to site of injury Systemic response Heat Redness Tenderness Swelling Pain (Crowley, 2001, pg 68)

6. Immune Response  B Cell  T Cell  Do we get sick or stay well?  It depends

7. Pathogens! Bacteria  Small in size, no nucleus or membranous organelles  Cell wall  Cocci  Bacilli  Spirilla  Vibrios  Gram-positive  Gram-negative

8. Cough : (aka: Pertussis)

9. Pertussis  AKA: Whooping cough or 100 day cough  Bordetella pertussis  Was one of the most common childhood diseases and major cause of childhood mortality

10. Pertussis  Starts out like a cold  But cough becomes more severe  Cough characterized by high pitch whoop.  Child may turn cyanotic, cough more at night, or even vomit due to coughing attack.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIV460AQUWk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIV460AQUWk

12. Sore Throat

13. Streptococcus  Strep throat  Sore throat for more than 1 week  Temperature >100.4  Pus on back of throat  Possible rash  However:  Most sore throats are not caused by bacteria

14. The Plague

15. Recognize this? Ring around the rosy, A pocket full of posies, Ashes… Ashes, We all fall down! Written in London in 1665

16. Black Death Gangrene caused by plague

17. Plague in Oregon  13 cases reported in Oregon (5 fatal) since 1970.  Mostly spread from fleas of infected rodents.

18. Tuberculosis

19.  20-33% world’s population is infected with TB  Majority of the above = “Dormant TB” Can be dormant for 30 years  Only 5-10% will become “active” TB

20. TB and Oregon Public.health.oregon.gov

21. MRSA  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus  Staph bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams.  Often appears as pustule or boil  May think of a spider bite at first.

22. MRSA continued  HA-MRSA = Health care acquired  More serious and potentially deadly  CA-MRSA = Community acquired  Anyone is at risk

23. Contaminated Surfaces and Shared Items Frequent Contact Cleanliness Crowding Compromised Skin Factors that Facilitate Transmission Antimicrobial Use (CDC, 2012)

24. MRSA in the news…  Newberg, Oregon…  High schooler spread MRSA through tattoos, several students infected.  Mainly spread through unclean needles.

25. E. coli

26. Salmonella

27. Botulism  Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria  Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left untreated.  Five types of botulism:  Foodborne  Wound  Infant  Adult intestinal  Iatrogenic

28. Botulism  Symptoms include:  Double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness.  Antitoxin is available for treatment

29. Botulism prevention  Proper food handling  Especially in food preservation  Be wary of dented, bulging cans  Botulism’s not all bad….

30. Antibiotics  Target bacterial cell wall  Target cell membrane  Inhibit protein synthesis targets in bacterial machinery  Interfere with bacterial metabolism, DNA, and RNA synthesis

31. Antibiotic Resistance  “One of the world’s most pressing public health problems.” (CDC, 2012)  What exactly is it?  Factors:  Parental pressure  Allergies  Farming  Time / money

32. “Friendly” Bacteria  Most bacteria are non-pathogenic  Some bacteria are beneficial  Ex: Bacteria keeps yeast in check.  Antibiotics kill bacteria; yeast infection occurs  Yogurt  Probiotics/Prebiotics