1. The REPRODUCTIVE System Unit 6 Reproductive System

2. Vocabulary Hystero– uterus Salpingo- uterine tubes Oophoro- ovaries Orchio- testes Balano- glans penis Gyneco- woman Masto- breast Ova- egg -centesis – puncture into a cavity

3. Vocabulary F – female M- Male STD/ STI – Sexually Transmitted Disease/infection SIDS – Sudden Infant Death Syndrome NB - new born HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

4. Vocabulary Amenorrhea – lack of menses by a women after puberty. Andrology – medical specialty that deals with male health. Gynecology – medical specialty that deals with female health. Ectopic – in an abnormal place or position. Colporrhaphy – surgical repair of the vaginal wall Puberty – period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

5. Functions of the Reproductive System Produce hormones to help in the maturation process –Female sex hormone = estrogen –Male sex hormone = testosterone

6. Structures of the Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina

7. Ovaries The 2 ovaries are in the pelvic cavity Each ovary contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs. Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone Produce eggs

8. Estrogen Helps in the formation of female secondary sex characteristics: –Breasts –Broadened pelvis –Increased body hair –Increased body fat

9. Maturation of an Egg The eggs were produced before the female was born Approximately 400,000 were produced, only around 500 eggs reach maturity Follicle containing the egg will move to the surface of the ovary Follicle breaks, releasing the egg during the process called ovulation An egg can be fertilized for about 24-36 hours after ovulation The egg should be swept into the uterine tube (Fallopian Tube)

11. Uterine Tubes Connected to the uterus Tube with a funnel-like opening NOT directly connected to the ovary Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus Transport the sperm to the egg Site of fertilization

12. Uterus Inverted pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder Three sections: –The fundus (top), – body (middle section), –cervix (connects to the uterus) Three layers: –Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium Menstruation Development of the embryo/fetus Aids in expulsion of the fetus during labor

13. Vagina Fibromuscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body Vaginal opening is located between the urethra and the anus Passageway for menstruation Birth canal during the delivery of the fetus

14. Tracing Egg Cells 1.Ovary 2.Fallopian Tubes 3.Uterus 4.Cervix 5.Vagina/Birth Canal ***TWINS – Identical (1 egg/1 sperm that divides), Fraternal (2 eggs/2 sperms form in separate sacs)

15. Structures of the Male Reproductive System Testes Scrotum Epididymis Vas Deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate Gland Cowper’s gland Urethra

16. Testes Located in the scrotum Made up of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules where sperm are made Produce sperm Can produce sperm throughout the adult life of the male at the average rate of 30 million sperm a day Produce testosterone

17. Testosterone Development of the sperm and the male secondary sex characteristics. –Growth of the testicles and penis –Appearance of pubic hair –Shoulders widen –Larynx enlarges

18. Scrotum Loose, muscular sac that encloses and protects the testes Maintains a constant temperature about 2 to 3 degrees below normal body temperature for optimal sperm production

19. Epididymis 2 coiled tubes located above each testicle Takes about 18 hours for sperm to mature Sugar (fructose) is provided to help the sperm meet their energy demands Provides a temporary storage area for the sperm

20. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) 2 muscular tubules extending from the epididymis through the abdomen to the urethra Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

21. Seminal Vesicles  Secretes alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina

22. Prostate Gland Gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra Secretes a large amount of alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidic vagina

23. Cowper’s Gland  Secretes a protective and lubricating mucus.  Sperm and 3 fluids that help make up Semen.

24. Urethra Tube that leads from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland to the outside of the body. 6-8 inches in length Passageway for sperm and urine ***Men are fertile from the time of puberty, 24/7, for the rest of their lives!!***

25. Tracing Sperm Cells 1.Testes 2.Epididymus 3.Vas Deferens 4.Seminal Vesicles 5.Prostate Gland 6.Cowper’s Gland 7.Urethra/Penis

26. Vocabulary for Conception Spermatozoa – mature male sex cell Gametes – a mature sperm or egg germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Fertilization – act of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Implantation – the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall. Embryo – an unborn human baby in the first 8 weeks from conception. Fetus – unborn human baby more than 8 weeks after conception.

28. Diseases and Disorders Reproductive System

29. Female Reproductive Disorders Cervical/Ovarian Cancer –Cancer cells can form on the cervix, so a PAP Smear test (sample of cervical cells) is taken during an annual physical exam when the woman becomes sexually active. –Blood test for Ovarian cancer.

30. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman’s menstrual cycle Symptoms are usually predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses Symptoms may diminish after menstrual flow starts, but may continue even after the flow has begun PMS is a collection of symptoms

31. Endometriosis Presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus Seems to be caused by the backflow of menstrual blood

32. Breast Cancer Leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States Generally found with routine breast self exams and mammograms— When should self exams be performed? –1 week after menstrual cycle is over Risk factors include: –Genetics –Exposure to radiation –High fat diet –Having the first baby after age 30

33. Male Reproductive Disorders Sterility – 20% of normal sperm production. Sperm cells are malformed and/or weak. Prostate Cancer – 2 nd leading type of Cancer in men over 50. PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood test to detect prostate cancer.

34. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Abnormal growth of prostate cells, but the condition is NOT cancerous Prostate undergoes abnormal growth and presses against the urethra and bladder Interferes with the normal flow of urine

35. Hernia Hernia – Intestines pushing through abdominal wall.

36. Testicular Cancer About 7,500 men in the USA are diagnosed each year Occurs most often in men ages 15 to 39 Most common cancer in men between ages 16 to 34 Most testicular cancers are found by —Self Exams!!!

37. Careers of the Reproductive System

38. Geneticist Usually work in research labs, clinics and hospitals. Some work for private corporations to develop new products such as new seed varieties for fruit trees and vegetables. Education: Masters Degree is a minimum requirement for a Geneticist. Salary: $70,000/ year

39. Obstetrician/ Gynecologist (OB/GYN) Provide medical care for women related to their reproductive system. Provide service such as cancer screenings, testing for STDs, and advising on family planning. Education: Medical school plus a four year residency program in OB/GYN. Salary: $200,000/year

40. Mammographer A radiologic technician who specializes in screening breast tissue. Uses Ionizing radiation to produce an image of the breast in order to detect abnormalities in the tissue. Education: Associates or Bachelors in Radiation technology plus licensing. Salary: $55,000/year

41. Certified Nurse Midwife RNs with additional training in caring for pregnant women. They performs routine exams and provide prenatal care to healthy pregnant women. Education: Bachelor’s degree in Nursing and a registered nursing license. Certification can be obtained after 2-4 years of nursing experience, preferably in obstetrics and gynecology. Salary: $95,000/year