1. Unit 15 – Social Psychology Overview Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions Conformity and Obedience Group Behavior Prejudice and Discrimination Aggression Attraction Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking

3. Introduction Social Psychology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZi gxUY8 “The Lunch Date”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZi gxUY8

4. The Fundamental Attribution Error Attribution theory –Dispositional vs. situational attribution –Fundamental attribution errorFundamental attribution error –Self-serving bias – readiness to percieve self admirably

5. Attitudes Affect Actions Attitude –Central route persuasionCentral route persuasion –Peripheral route persuasionPeripheral route persuasion

6. Actions Affect Attitudes: The Foot-in- the-Door Phenomenon The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon –“start small and build” –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiRSuzT4jS0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiRSuzT4jS0

7. Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing Affects Attitudes Role-Playing Affects Attitudes –RoleRole –Stanford prison study 1972 –Abu Ghraib –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=760lwYmp Xbchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=760lwYmp Xbc

8. Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing Affects Attitudes –Abu Ghraib – US in 2004, Iraqi prisoners –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f a7QZWfivtc (5 min)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f a7QZWfivtc –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= OzK8UFKGOiw (Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect, 2012)- watch first 5 minutes)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= OzK8UFKGOiw

9. Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing Affects Attitudes Mere-Exposure Effect http://http- server.carleton.ca/~warrent/2100/ex posure%20effect.html http://http- server.carleton.ca/~warrent/2100/ex posure%20effect.html

10. Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from Tension Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension –Cognitive dissonance theoryCognitive dissonance theory –“Attitudes follow behavior”

11. Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from Tension Cognitive Dissonance – theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feels when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. E.g., when we become aware that our attitudes and our action clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQiCpf- KOOs – Coach Carterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQiCpf- KOOs

13. Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity: adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

14. Conformity: Automatic Mimicry Chameleon effect – synchronize behavior and speech with peers Helps us empathize Mood linkage

15. Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity and Social Norms

16. Conformity –Solomon Asch study –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4Mkcf JAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4Mkcf JA

17. Conformity and Social Norms “Face the Rear” http://www.guzer.com/videos/elevator- psychology.php http://www.guzer.com/videos/elevator- psychology.php https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njz9Tr Ljz5k – “Picketing Against Everything”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njz9Tr Ljz5k

18. Conformity: Conditions That Strengthen Conformity –One is made to feel incompetent or insecure –Group has at least three people –Group is unanimous –One admires the group’s status –One has made no prior commitment –Others in group observe one’s behavior –One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

19. Conformity and Social Norms Reasons for Conforming –Normative social influenceNormative social influence –Informational social influenceInformational social influence

20. Obedience: Following Orders Obedience –Milgram’s studies on obedience Procedure Results Ethics Follow up studies

21. Milgram Obedience Experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= HwqNP9HRy7Y

22. Milgram - Obedience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBa89XhxcTs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2Bb3mBSDo0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWSxSQsspiQ

23. Obedience: Following Orders

24. Conformity vs Obedience ConformityObedience What is it? Going along with the crowd/yielding to group pressure Behaving as instructed! Who ‘asks’? Nobody, we act to please peers, friends, social group Authority figures: parents, teachers (no don’t laugh!), police, government etc. Why do we do it? To be accepted, liked or just to fit in or to avoid feeling silly To avoid punishment or unpleasant consequences

25. Lessons From the Obedience Studies- Who Obeys? The person giving the orders was close at hand and perceived to be a legitimate authority figure The authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution The victim was depersonalized or at a distance There were no role models for defiance

26. Lessons From the Obedience Studies Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation

28. Social Facilitation –Task difficulty –Expertise effects –Crowding effects

29. Social Loafing –Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal Less accountability View themselves as dispensable

30. Deinviduation Deindividuation- loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations which foster social arousal AND anonymityDeindividuation

31. Group Polarization Group Polarization- Enhance a group’s prevailing inclinations after discussion within the group May be good/bad

32. Groupthink Groupthink – the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternativesGroupthink May be “good” or “bad”

33. Groupthink –Bay of Pigs – Kennedy/1961 –Challenger explosion – “O rings” (1/28/86) -Invasion of Iraq – “weapons of mass distruction” (2004 Senate Intelligence Committee)

34. The Power of Individuals Social control vs personal control Minority influence (Gandhi)

35. Cultural Influences Culture –Culture within animals –Culture in humans

36. Cultural Influences Variation Across Cultures Norm –Culture shock –Pace of life

37. Cultural Influences: Variation Over Time Changes over the generations

39. Prejudice Prejudice - attitudePrejudice Stereotype - beliefStereotype Discrimination – behaviorDiscrimination May be implicit racial association, unconscious patronization, race-influenced perceptions, and reflexive bodily responses Gender predjudice- prefer female faces - nurturing

40. How Prejudiced Are People?

41. Social Inequalities Just world phenomenon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8Y7iFB W010https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8Y7iFB W010 Blame the victim

42. Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup Us & Them: Ingroup and Outgroup –Ingroup- people with whom we share an identityIngroup –Outgroup- people perceived as apart from the ingroupOutgroup –Ingroup bias- favorIngroup bias our own group

43. Emotional Roots of Prejudice Emotional roots of prejudice –Scapegoat theory – “fear and anger create aggression & aggressionScapegoat theory against those of different ethnicity or race creates racism” –Economic variables –Negative emotions

44. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice Categorization –Outgroup homogeneity –Other-race effectOther-race effect Vivid cases Believing the world is just –Hindsight bias

46. The Biology of Aggression Aggression – physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy Genetic Influences: twins Neural Influences: limbic system Biochemical Influences- testosterone, alcohol

47. Aggression: Aversive Events Frustration-aggression principleFrustration-aggression principle – blocking attempt to achieve a goal creates anger which can generate aggression Social and cultural influences –Aggression-replacement program

48. Aversive Events: Reinforcement and Modeling –Aggression-replacement program- teaching how to control anger e.g. with gangs Media Model for Violence –Social scripts- provide a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situationsSocial scripts Do violent video games teach social scripts for violence?

50. The Psychology of Attraction:Proximity Proximity –Mere exposure effect – familiarity breeds fondnessMere exposure effect –Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them –We favor the face we see in the mirror rather than the reverse

51. Physical Attractiveness Physical attractiveness

52. The Psychology of Attraction: Similarity Similarity –Positive correlation between similarity and liking –Reward theory of attraction

53. Romantic Love Love –Passionate lovePassionate love –Companionate loveCompanionate love Equity – people receiveEquity from a relationship what they give to it Self-disclosure- revealingSelf-disclosure intimate aspects of self to others

55. Altruism Altruism- unselfish regard for others’ welfareAltruism –Kitty Genovese Bystander Intervention –Diffusion of responsibility –Bystander effectBystander effect –Best odds of help are if the person appears to need or deserve help, person is similar to us, and the person is a woman https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSsPfbu p0ac

56. Altruism

57. Altruism: The Norms for Helping Social exchange theory- our social behavior is in exchange to maximize benefit and minimize costsSocial exchange theory Reciprocity norm- peopleReciprocity norm will help and not harm those who have helped them Social-responsibility norm-Social-responsibility norm we will help those who appear to need the help

58. The Hawthorne Effect http://psychology.about.com/od/hindex/g/def _hawthorn.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/hindex/g/def _hawthorn.htm People may behave differently when they know they are being observed

59. Walter Mischel- Delayed Gratification video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQzM8jRp oh4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQzM8jRp oh4

60. Conflict and Peacemaking Elements of Conflict: Enemy Perceptions Mirror-image perceptions Self-fulfilling prophecy

61. Enemy Perceptions Mirror-image perceptions – mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressiveMirror-image perceptions Self-fulfilling prophecy –a belief that leads to its own fulfillmentSelf-fulfilling prophecy

62. Promoting Peace Contact & Cooperation –Superordinate goals – shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperationSuperordinate goals

63. Peacemaking: Promoting Peace Communication Conciliation GRIT = graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension reduction- as inGRIT international relations

64. Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

65. Attribution Theory = the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

66. Fundamental Attribution Error = the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

67. Attitude = feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

68. Peripheral Route Persuasion = occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

69. Central Route Persuasion = occurs when influenced people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

70. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon = the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

71. Role = a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

72. Cognitive Dissonance Theory = the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

73. Conformity = adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

74. Normative Social Influence = influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

75. Informational Social Influence = influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

76. Social Facilitation = stronger responses on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others.

77. Social Loafing = the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

78. Deindividuation = the loss of self-awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

79. Group Polarization = the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the groups.

80. Groupthink = the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

81. Culture = the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

82. Norm = an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

83. Prejudice = an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

84. Stereotype = a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

85. Discrimination = unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

86. Just-World Phenomenon = the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

87. Ingroup = “Us” – people with whom we share a common identity.

88. Outgroup = “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

89. Ingroup Bias = the tendency to favor our own group.

90. Scapegoat Theory = the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

91. Other-Race Effect = the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

92. Aggression = any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

93. Frustration-Aggression Principle = the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression.

94. Social Script = culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

95. Mere Exposure Effect = the phenomenon the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

96. Passionate Love = an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

97. Companionate Love = the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

98. Equity = a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

99. Self-Disclosure = revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

100. Altruism = unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

101. Bystander Effect = the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

102. Social Exchange Theory = the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

103. Reciprocity Norm = an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.

104. Social-Responsibility Norm = an expectation that people will help those needing their help..

105. Conflict = a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

106. Social Trap = a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

107. Mirror-Image Perceptions = mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

108. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy = a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

109. Superordinate Goals = shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.