1. Key Infrastructure Requirements in Early Hydrogen Markets
Eden Energy Ltd
Key Infrastructure Requirements in Early Hydrogen Markets
Presentation to
National Hydrogen Association Greg Solomon, LLB Executive Chairman
April 2008

2. INTEGRATED HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY
Eden Group Companies
INTEGRATED HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY
HyRadix Inc (Chicago, Illinois)
- On site hydrogen production systems
Hythane Company LLC (Denver, Colorado)
- Hythane® production and use of H2 blended CNG
Eden Cryogenics LLC ( Columbus, Ohio)
- Cryogenic storage technology and production

3. Prerequisites for Early Markets
Adequate supply of hydrogen and necessary infrastructure
Fully developed uses
Adequate hydrogen storage capacity for mobile uses
Safety codes and standards
Public and political acceptance
Adequate drivers - environmental, health, economic
Ease of integration into existing infrastructure
Long term economic viability
Commercially viable transitional strategy

4. Key Infrastructure Requirements Hydrogen Supply
Centralised production of hydrogen requires:
distribution (liquid or gaseous) infrastructure
pipeline or transported ( truck/ tube trailer)
on-site storage ( liquid or gaseous) determined by frequency of re-supply and required rate of dispensing
Distributed, onsite production of hydrogen requires:
no distribution requirements if pipeline Natural Gas onsite
on-site storage requirements determined by rate of production and required rate of dispensing

5. Applications for Early Hydrogen Markets
Hydrogen engines/ power source ( FC and IC)
requires affordable, distributed hydrogen supply and infrastructure ( e.g. Iceland)
Hythane® ( HCNG) engines - a transitional strategy
can be used as ideal transitional strategy on path to hydrogen where Natural Gas is used or available as a vehicle fuel ( e.g. Argentina, Pakistan, India, China, Italy etc)

6. Hythane® - the Ideal Transitional Fuel Uses existing Natural Gas infrastructure
Low-cost premium blend of Natural Gas (5-7% H2)
ultra-low emissions (50% NOx)
high efficiency
Uses existing Natural Gas infrastructure
Leveraged use of hydrogen
Achieves new low emission standards
Suitable for CNG / LNG / Dual fuel
Provides immediate market for Hydrogen infrastructure
Hythane offers ready-to-use technology that bridges the divide between today's engines and a future hydrogen economy.

7. Hythane® Operating System
Methane
source
Dispenser
Reformer/
Blender
Compressor
Cascade
Hythane Storage
Flow diagram showing Hythane® operating system
Modifications to standard Natural Gas system – hydrogen source, blender & engine controller – are highlighted in yellow & green
Engine Controller
Recalibration
Hythane®
Additions / Modifications to a standard Natural Gas system

8. Potential Hythane® Applications
CNG/ LNG/ Dual Fuel
Buses
Taxis, automobiles
Trucks
Locomotives
Generators/ gas turbines

9. Hythane® Bus Projects Montreal 1993-1995 California 2002-2004
Two extensive bus trials of Hythane were completed in Canada ( ) and California ( ).

10. Denver Hythane® Project Results.
Denver Hythane® Project Results
THC CO
NOx
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3 NG
HY5
HOT 505 EMISSIONS, GRAMS/MI.
Courtesy of Colorado Department of Health, March 1993
Pollution results from the Denver project
Natural Gas results in orange on the LHS and Hythane® (5% H2) on RHS
50% Reductions in CO and NOx, 5% H2: Leverage Factor = 10!

11. Centralised Hydrogen Production
Suitable for early markets where low cost centralised production is available
Usually requires either pipeline or liquid delivery to be commercially viable ( ie developed countries)
Needs greater initial infrastructure investment in:
- pipeline / liquefaction
- trucks / tubetrailers
- onsite storage, compression and dispensing
Unlikely to be suitable for developing countries because of higher up-front costs with no existing market to support it
India promises huge markets for Hythane® with strong government support and a major rollout of Natural Gas infrastructure throughout the country.

12. Distributed on-site Hydrogen Reforming
Preferred primary supply source of hydrogen for Hydrogen and Hythane® in New Markets in Developing Countries
- Lower initial capital costs
- Integrates into Natural Gas network
- Demountable
- Cost effective
- No H2 transportation
- Reduced H2 storage
- Reliable and proven
- Scaleable

13. US Transport Customer Case Study
SunLine Transit Agency –California
Primary H2 Supply
H2 vehicles in daily operation
Also used for Hythane® supply
Demonstration Unit
10,000+ hours of operation
120,000 miles driven since 2004
50% hydrogen cost savings
50% NOx reduction
Commercial Unit Installed August 2006
First large-scale commercial H2 filling station in USA

14. India - an early Market Potential Markets for Hydrogen and Hythane®
buses
cars/ taxis
trucks
autorickshaws
locomotives
generators / power generation
India promises huge markets for Hythane® with strong government support and a major rollout of Natural Gas infrastructure throughout the country.

15. Factors Driving Hydrogen in India
Indian Hydrogen roadmap adopts Hythane® as future Natural Gas fuel standard as a transitional fuel on path to hydrogen
Supreme Court identifies over 20 cities for Natural Gas
Significant domestic and imported Natural Gas - 40% cheaper than diesel
Increasing supply of Natural Gas- 5Mtpa to 25Mtpa in 5 years
Rollout of Natural Gas pipelines - over 230 cities in longer term
City Gas distribution networks in 8 cities increasing to 28
Extreme urban air pollution caused by huge increase in vehicle numbers

16. INDIAN GAS SUPPLY AUGMENTATION
TURKMENISTAN
Domestic Gas
Eastern Cost
Upcoming LNG Terminals
Dhabol (5 MMTPA)
Kochi (2.5 MMTPA)
Existing LNG Terminals
Dahej (5 to 10 MMTPA)
Hazira (2.5 MMTPA)
Cross Border Pipelines
Iran-Pakistan-India
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India
DAHEJ
HAZIRA
DAHEJ I & II
10 MMTPA
2.5MMTPA
LNG TERM’s- Existing
IRAN
NEW GAS DISCOVERIES
DABHOL
KOCHI
5 MMTPA
LNG TERM’s- Upcoming
TRANS – NATIONAL P/L
Courtesy of Gas Authority of India

17. INDIAN GAS SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE : CURRENT & FUTURE CCo
Turk-Afg-Pak-India Pipeline
NANGAL
BHATINDA
Iran-Pak-India Pipeline
DELHI
BAREILLY
GURGAUN
AURAIYA
MATHANIA
AGRA
LUCKNOW
DISPUR
DAHEJ I & II
10 mmtpa*
JAGDISHPUR
BARMER
KANPUR
GWALIOR
PATNA
PHOOLPUR
KOTA
JHANSI
VARANASI
GAYA
AGARTALA
LNG
UJJAIN
VIJAYPUR
RAJKOT
BOKARO
BHOPAL
Existing
AHMEDABAD
DAMRA
HAZIRA
2.5 mmtpa
KOLKATA
PUNE
BHARUCH
CUTTACK
Upcoming
BARODA
SURAT
Transmission Pipelines
BHUBANESHWAR
MUMBAI
DELHI BAHTINDA
DUPL
JAGDISHPUR TO HALDIA
PUNE TO RAJAMUNDRI
HYDRABAD VIJAYAPUR
KOCHI MANGLORE
COIM TO MANGLORE
DABHOL TO MANG
Existing
KRISHNAPATNAM
DABHOL
5 mmtpa
SOLAPUR
RAJAMUNDRY
GAIL’s Planned Pipeline
RIL’s East West Pipeline
RIL’s Planned Pipeline
GSPC’s Planned Pipeline
KAKINADA
KOLHAPUR
HYDERABAD
VIJAYAWADA
GOA
NELLORE
ENNORE
2.5 mmtpa
HASAN
BANGLORE
City Gas/ CNG
Existing
CHENNAI
TUTICORIN
TIRUCHCHIRAPALLI
MANGALORE
2.5 mmtpa
MANGLORE
Planned
LNG Terminal
Courtesy of Gas Authority of India
KANJIKKOD
COIMBTORE
KOCHI
5 mmtpa c
INTEGRATED GRID TO LINK ANY SOURCE TO ANY MARKET

18. Progress in Indian Market
Strong National and State government support
First public H2 / Hythane® station - Delhi Oct 2008
Accepted Hydrogen codes and standards in place
Hythane® codes and standards being developed
Agreements with Natural Gas suppliers
Indian manufacturing of reformers commenced
Hythane® engine conversions in progress
Hythane® pilot projects for 2008/ 2009
India promises huge markets for Hythane® with strong government support and a major rollout of Natural Gas infrastructure throughout the country.

19. Chinese Hydrogen and Hythane® Market
Similar potential to India - unlikely to be suited to centralised hydrogen production
Extreme air pollution
Large potential market for transport and generators
Hydrogen standards in place
16 City Clean Air Program
Expanding Natural Gas supply
Strong EPA support - more government support needed

20. Key Infrastructure Requirements in early Hydrogen Markets
Conclusions
Key Infrastructure Requirements in early Hydrogen Markets
Centralised production and distribution
cheapest long term option where pipeline or liquid hydrogen is available
the challenge is to fund the rollout ahead of the market
Distributed on-site production
cheapest short - medium term option in markets where pipeline or liquid hydrogen is not available
requires a Natural Gas supply network
Transitional Strategy
Hythane® develops Hydrogen infrastructure based on existing Natural Gas Markets