1. Francis Gipson University of Wyoming Honors Program Cary Heck, PhD. Criminal Justice

2. Criminal or Unethical?

3. Universal Crimes Murder Rape Assault Burglary Robbery Motor-vehicle theft

4. How should these crimes be measured?

5. National Crime Victimization Survey “The National Crime Victimization Survey was designed with four primary objectives: (1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police, (3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes, and (4) to permit comparisons over time and types of areas.” NACJD, 2010

6. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Data is collected in the UCR by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, commonly referred to as the FBI. Law enforcement agencies throughout the country submit this data on a voluntary basis. The data includes only crimes that have been reported to the agency.

7. The Self-Report Study “Self-report studies ask respondents to identify the kinds of illegal activities in which they have participated- generally based on a list of choices. Despite the obvious risk that respondents will underreport and/or distort their activities, self-report studies have proved better suited to measuring some forms of deviance than police reports, such as minor offenses among adolescents.” Jrank, 2011

8. The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) The UNICRI lists specific crimes by country. The available data is representative of the total reported crime in the world. The UNICRI collects data for certain crimes that are also recorded by the United States FBI.

9. Crime Rate Comparison (2002) CrimeInternational Ranking for the U.S. International Ranking for Norway Crime Rate Per 1,000 Inhabitants (U.S.) Crime Rate Per 1,000 Inhabitants (Norway) Assault#6#177.63.2 Burglary#17#377.11.2 Motor-Vehicle Theft #9#53.95.1 Murder#24#54.04.01 Rape#9#18.30.12 Robbery#11#401.4.39 Total Crime#8#1380.171.9 UNICRI, 2002

10. Decreasing Crime Rates in the U.S. CrimeRate per 100,000 Inhabitants (1990) Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants (2009) Murder9.45.0 Forcible Rape41.128.7 Robbery256.3133.0 Aggravated Assault422.9262.8 Property Crime5,073.13,036.1 Burglary1,232.2716.3 Motor-Vehicle Theft655.8258.8 FBI, 2009

11. Change of Crime Occurrence in Norway Increase in every type of drug offence Violent offences have remained relatively stable the past few years Decrease in thefts overall Decrease in motor-vehicle theft Statistics Norway, 2011

12. Societal factors Political factors Economic factors

13. PRISON STAFF AND PRISONERS United States Retribution Lack of positive interactions Prison Hierarchy Norway Rehabilitation Daily Interactions Prison Staff treat Prisoners as Equals

14. Corporatist VS. Federalist System It is argued that structural factors can impact crime rates. The political arrangements of the two countries have influenced attitudes toward crime which have in effect changed policing. The two countries function under completely different governmental schemes.

15. Corporatist Arrangement In this regime, “wage rates, work rules, and policies concerning employment security and social protection are set by negotiations among “peak associations.” Workers are represented through their unions and union federations, employers through industry associations or federations spanning the entire private economy, and the state. Consequently, there is not a strong incentive to appease the general public. Sutton, 2004

16. Kleban & Jacobs, 2003 “Decisions regarding punishment are predominantly made based upon the popular public opinion. Financial campaign contributors, such as lobbyists, have an unprecedented amount of power in the United States government. Therefore, penal procedures are often implemented to satisfy the wants and needs of those most powerful.” $ THE FEDERALIST ARRANGEMENT $

17. “In a study which examined thirteen democracies, the United States was labeled as having a high extent of federalism, while Norway was on the other side of the spectrum. The research conductors concluded that as the extent of federalism increased, so did the incarceration rates in the nations examined.” Jacobs, 2004

18. POLITICAL CULTURE The United States Norway Heterogeneity Distinguished class structure Emphasis on individuality Homogeneity Smaller economic gap between the rich and the poor Emphasis on group collectivity “Low rates of imprisonment in the Scandinavian countries, including Norway, are largely a result of the class homogeneity.” Pratt, 2008

19. Changes in Norway “Norway has recently experienced negative changes in homogeneity that threaten the superior conditions and low levels of imprisonment. The decline of trust in the government, discrediting of expertise, sensational rather than objective media reporting, the politicalization of victimhood associated with such developments- the same forces that have contributed to penal excess elsewhere are apparent in Norway.” Pratt, 2008

20. Alternative Programs to Prison Time “Both countries have implemented substitutes to prison time that include both community service and cognitive skills training.” Baldursson, 2000

21. Criminal Care Officials in Norway refer to corrections as criminal care. Norwegian officials emphasize the importance of training the individual to reenter society and contribute positively. Goal: for the prisoner to obtain a job and make a living for himself and his family. If the offender can accomplish this primary goal, recidivism rates are likely to decrease. In other words, the offender will be more likely to desist in his criminal behavior.

22. LOCKED UP in the United States Officials in the United States tend to focus on isolating the individuals who have exhibited criminogenic behavior from the rest of society. Criminals are often viewed as deficient persons who cannot be fixed. The faults of these individuals are examined on rather than the inadequacies of the system as a whole.

23. Influence on Public Opinion of Crime Control “The American control has greatly influenced political activist groups in Norway.” One particular group called KROM, which stands for the Norwegian Association for Criminal Reform, focuses on problems with the penal system in Norway. “The need for social workers [in Norway] has increased while the need for legal professions has decreased.” Papendorf, 2006

24. RECAP! Different political atmosphere + Different political systems + Different goals + Different economic atmosphere + Differences among leaders + Different attitudes + Differences among prison staff + Differences in citizen involvement + Different perceptions = DISPARITIES IN CRIME RATES!

25. Conclusion With the data that has been presented it is obvious that the same policies and procedures should not be implemented in Norway and the United States. The crime rates are so diverse that it would be illogical for these two countries to utilize the exact same methods for crime control. Without first changing attitudes and perceptions of the general public, it is impossible to use the same policies in both countries. It is vital that Norway and the United States continue to take advantage of successful programs while also examining new policies and procedures to reduce present crime rates.

26. QUESTIONS?