1. BSEI Conference 2011 Social and Environment Enterprise in Namibia- Sector Mapping and a Review of Policy and Legislation *Dr David Littlewood & Dr Diane Holt

2. Contents Introduction Literature and definitions Methodology Social and Environmental Enterprise Clusters : Case Studies Overview and trends in social and environmental enterprise sectors Policy and legislation

3. Introduction “I’m encouraging young people to become social business entrepreneurs and contribute to the world, rather than just making money. Making money is no fun. Contributing to and changing the world is a lot more fun” - Muhammad Yunus The Trickle Out Project

4. Social and Environmental Enterprise Literature Namibia Limited academic consideration of social and environmental enterprise in Namibia, many questions still to be considered in a wider African context Sector specific literature in Namibia:  Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and Conservancies: Barnes and MacGregor (2001); Long (2002); Jones, (2000); Shackleton, (2002); Sulivan (2002); Weaver (2005).  Renewable energy/ solar: Wamukonya and Davis (2001); Schütt (2007); Robertson et al (2010)

5. Social and Environmental Enterprise Definitions Social Enterprise: - Primacy of social mission - Engages in some form of trading activity - Profits used for a social purpose Environmental Enterprise: -Enterprises that have a product or service that is based predominantly on managing or using environmental/ natural capital Hybrid Social and Environmental Enterprises Proto Social Enterprises (Munoz 2010)

6. Methodology Namibia  Southern Africa: Borders South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Angola, Zambia  Member of SADC  Development challenges: High unemployment, inequality, high HIV/AIDS prevalence  One of the 19 Trickle out countries Internet data search (270) Social and Environmental Enterprises and support agencies identified Data collected on: Classification; Multi-classification; Green Classification; Multi-country; Funding/ Donations; Legal status; Social/Environmental/ Hybrid.

7. Methodology cont... Trickle out questionnaire Case Studies Limitations Subjectivity in classification Missing/Incomplete data Data out of date

8. Social and Environmental Enterprise Clusters 1.CBNRM, Conservancies and Support Organisations “Consists of a group of commercial farms or areas of communal land on which neighbouring land owners or members have pooled resources for the purpose of conserving and using wildlife sustainably.” (Nature Conservation Amendment Act 1996) 64 Registered Conservancies 144,000 km² of land 234,000 people

9. Case Study 1: #Khoadi-//Hôas Conservancy  Conservancy in the Kunene Region of Namibia. Registered in 1998, approximately 3200 share-members.  Trophy hunting and own-use hunting  Community campsite Hoada meaning “everyone’s”  Grootberg Lodge in the conservancy area owned by conservancy members managed by a private sector partner.  Profits from trophy hunting, from the Hoada Campsite and the Grootberg Lodge used to build schools, clinics, to provide a community kitchen and to award bursaries to promising school pupils.  Initial funding for the lodge was provided by the European Union Case Study 2: Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC)  IRDNC is a Namibian non-governmental organisation and registered trust established in the early 1980s.  1990s began working with Namibia’s conservancies  IRDNC assists conservancies to get registered, to establish management and governance structures and to form linkages and effective and equitable partnerships with the private sector.  IRDNC depends on donor funding however it also runs a non-profit consultancy to bring in extra income.

10. 2. Craft Production, Sale and Marketing Many organisational forms: producers; market linkage; training organisations; sellers; integrate multiple functions Conservancies engaging in craft activities Case Study 3: Penduka Founded in 1992 as an organisation to help disadvantaged women to improve their standard of living and that of their (extended) families. Registered as a voluntary association. Active in craft production and sale, particularly of textiles. Also provides training in crafts and tourism. Penduka sells crafts made by other organisations with similar objectives. Runs a tuberculosis programme, provides support to women in informal communities, interest free housing loans. Income from donations but also from craft production and sale, and tourism activities including: workshop tours, township tours, a guest house, a campsite, luxury bungalows and a restaurant.

11. 3. Green/ Eco Tourism Local community beneficiation and participation Green practices integrated into core business activities and decision making Neutral or positive net environmental impact. Some form of external certification or validation of environmental credentials 4. Donor, Finance or Funding Organisations Microfinance providers, cooperative banks, credit unions, building societies, some NGOs 5. Employment of Vulnerable Groups/ Work Integration Organisations that perform some kind of employment integration role for particularly vulnerable or disadvantaged groups. Examples: Penduka, Big Issue Namibia, Pauls Cafe 6. Consultancy Green and wider social and sustainable consultancy. NGOs engaging in consultancy to earn extra income. 7. Environmental Training, Education and Research Organisations engaging in environmental training, education and/or research e.g. Namib Environmental Education Trust (NaDEET). NaDEET relies on donations and grants but also gains money from education tour groups, curio sales and bank interest.

12. 8. Conservation Organisations Use some form of trading to at least part fund their conservation activities Some conservancies Case Study 4: Cheetah Conservation Fund Founded in 1990 as a non-profit non-governmental organisation contributing to the conservation of cheetahs and their ecosystems Undertakes research, education and conservation Donations from private individuals and businesses are important sources of income however CCF also undertakes a number of trading activities. CCF gains income from visitors and sells gifts locally and online. CCF also uses trading activity in a more direct way in its conservation activities. In 2001 CCF Bush (Pty) Ltd was established. CCF Bush Pty Ltd harvests and processes undesirable invader bush species, these species are detrimental to Cheetah ecosystems and can be harmful to Cheetah health. These species are marketed and sold by Bush Pty Ltd as wood fuel briquettes.

13. 9. Produces and or Sells Green/ Environmental Products Broad cluster includes a variety of activities i.e. Renewable energy; cosmetics; wood fuel briquettes (Bush Pty) May also have significant social impact Case Study 5: Elephant Energy Non-profit working in Caprivi region Aim is the development of sustainable business models to meet the needs of off-grid communities in Namibia and Southern Africa by providing access to appropriate sustainable energy technologies (ASETs) In 2010 it established a pilot energy shop distributing ASETs Working with rural entrepreneurs to promote ASETs across the region. Elephant Energy works with conservancies to sell solar lights at a subsidised rate to conservancy members. Partnerships with local schools and is donating ASETs to them. Donations funded from trading activities.

14. Preliminary Trends and Characteristics Multiple classification prevalent- organisational complexity Predominant focus on Namibia. Donor funding significant in many cases both in start-up and on an ongoing basis. Examples of “proto social enterprises” (Munoz 2010) Many hybrid social and environmental enterprises Questionnaire Data Broadly similar trends- Organisational complexity, Namibian focus. Donations a significant source of funding for start up and ongoing Wider business CSR a significant source of funding i.e. Social Funds, Foundations etc. Volunteers play an important role

15. Policy and Legislation Social and environmental enterprises exist in a variety of legal forms: Section 21 Non Profit (Company not for gain); Trusts; Foundations; Voluntary Organisations; Conservancies; Incorporated Association Not For Gain; Closed Corporation. No specific legal status for social enterprises i.e. UK Community Interest Company (CICs) Namibia limited wider NGO legislation. Legislative gap. Policy Gap. 2005 Civic Organisations Partnership Policy. No mention of social or environmental enterprise, one mention of entrepreneurship Sector specific policy engagements: Energy White Paper (1998) engagement with renewables; Conservancies legislation and policies

16. Conclusion Gap in the knowledge, limited literature about Social and Environmental Enterprise in Namibia, many unanswered questions about social and environmental enterprises across Southern Africa Preliminary mapping undertaken with significant clusters and some key trends identified Starting point for further research. Much more data still to come An overview of the state of play in social and environmental enterprise governance in Namibia