1. CHAPTER 12 DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis Put these notes behind your meiosis notes

2. CH 12 NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cell -> Nucleus -> Chromosomes -> Genes -> DNA Your cell has a nucleus inside of it, which contains chromosomes, which are made up of sections of genes, and genes are made up of DNA.

3. STANDARDS & OBJECTIVES B-4

4. WHAT INFLUENCES WHAT AN ORGANISM LOOKS LIKE? 1.Environment 2.Genes Made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA is the template for RNA RNA is the directions for making proteins

5. STRUCTURE OF DNA Macromoleucle: Nucleic Acid Polymer: DNA Monomer: nucleotide Nucleotides are made up of 1.A phosphate group 2.A sugar (deoxiribose) 3.A nitrogenous base *Just like ATP, but different sugar and only 1 phosphate*

6. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of many nucleotides strung together in the shape of a double helix. It contains the hereditary information for the cell

7. STRUCTURE OF DNA The structure of the double helix was proposed/discovered by Watson & Crick in 1953 The Double Helix Sometimes called a twisted ladder The sides of DNA are made out of alternating sugar called Deoxiribose & phosphate groups Sometimes called the sides of the ladder or the backbone The middle of DNA is composed of two nitrogen bases that are connected by hydrogen bonds. Sometimes called the steps or rungs of the ladder

8. 4 DIFFERENT NUCLEOTIDES There are 4 different types of nucleotides for DNA They all have deoxyribose as their sugar and a phosphate groups, but their nitrogen base is what makes them different. The four different nitrogen bases are: 1.Adenine 2.Guanine 3.Cytosine 4.Thymine

9. NITROGEN BASE PAIRING RULES Adenine always pairs/binds with Thymine Guanine always pairs/binds with Cytosine You can remember this because AT GC (stands for At Goose Creek) This works both ways. A binds to T T binds to A G binds to C C binds to G

10. DNA BASE PAIRING RULE PRACTICE What nitrogen base corresponds to the base provided? Parent Strand of DNA G  A  T  A  C  A  Daugther (NEW) Strand of DNA C T A A T G T

11. DNA IS SIMILAR IN DIFFERENT ORGANISMS Almost all organisms use the same nitrogen bases (A, T, C, & G) Organisms are unique from one another because of the sequence (order) of the nitrogen bases in their DNA Each species has a unique sequence of DNA Some sequences are similar, when this happens they usually share a common ancestor An example of this is a lion and a tiger.

12. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING…. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS? 1.What are the monomers or subunits of DNA? Nucleotides 2.What are the three things that make the monomer? A phosphate group A sugar (deoxyribose) A nitrogen base 3.What are the 4 nitrogen bases? Adenine, Thymine Guanine, & Cytosine 4.What are the base pairing rules? Which pairs with which? Adenine pairs with Thymine Guanine pairs with Cytosine

13. STOP MONDAY

14. CHROMOSOMES Chromosomes are made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones They are made like this to fit a lot of information in a small space Each chromosome has hundreds of genes Prokaryotes: Have one circular chromosome in their cytoplasm Eukaryotes: Have many linear chromosomes in their nucleus Different species have different numbers of chromosomes Fruit Fly: 8 Oak Tree: 30 Human: 46 Deer Mouse: 48 Pineapples: 50 Dogs: 78

15. DNA REPLICATION When does DNA Replicate? DNA is copied (or replicated, or synthesized) during Interphase of the Cell Cycle Specifically during S Phase of Interphase S stands for Synthesis (which means “to make”)

16. DNA REPLICATION IS SEMI-CONSERVATIVE The original DNA is called the Parent DNA The Parent DNA acts as a template for the new strands to form from Once the DNA is done being made it is made up half of the old DNA (parent strand) and the other half is the new strand (this is called the daughter DNA strand).

17. STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION 1. Unzip the DNA: The enzyme helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogen bases together. 2. The enzyme polymerase adds fee floating complimentary nucleotides to the exposed strand. The nucleotides are already in the nucleus The DNA base-pairing rules apply 3. This process continues until the entire molecule is unzipped and replicated 4. The end result are two copies of the DNA molecule, each has one strand from the original DNA and a complimentary new strand.

18. DNA VERSUS RNA DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Single strand of nucleotides Uses the sugar Ribose Uses 4 nucleotides with the nitrogen bases of: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil A binds to U G binds to C There are three types of RNA RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Double strand of nucleotides Uses the sugar Deoxyribose Uses 4 nucleotides with the nitrogen bases of: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine A binds to T G binds to C There is one type of DNA

19. DNA VS RNA

20. 3 TYPES OF RNA 1.mRNA: messanger RNA – Copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome 2.tRNA: transfer RNA --- Carries (transfers) a specific amino acid to the ribosome 3.rRNA: ribosomal RNA – Makes up the ribosome complex

21. DNA VERSUS RNA CONTINUED DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is made in the nucleus, but can leave the nucleus Copies of RNA are made through a process called transcription Code of Proteins RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Is not allowed to leave the nucleus Copies of DNA are made through DNA Replication Code of Life

22. STOP TUESDAY 3-15-16

23. DNA  RNA  AMINO ACIDS  PROTEIN DNA are turned into RNA RNA is turned into proteins by putting amino acids together The nucleotide sequence in DNA specifies the order of the RNA nucleotides which specifies which order the amino acids are put in to make specific proteins

24. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Protein synthesis occurs in two steps 1.Transcription: DNA  mRNA Happens in the nucleus (because DNA can’t leave the nucleus) DNA’s instructions are turned into messenger RNA 2.Translation: mRNA  protein Happens at the ribosome in the cytoplasm The ribosome read’s the directions mRNA enters into it, by directing tRNA to bring specific amino acids

25. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Transcription Translation

26. STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION 1.The enzyme helicase unzips the DNA exposing a specific region of the DNA needed (It does not copy all of the DNA at once, only one section called a gene). 2.The enzyme RNA Polymerase adds free floating RNA nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA (RNA Nitrogen Base Pairs Rules are followed) Adenosine binds to Uracil Thymine binds to Adenine (RNA does not use the nitrogen base thymine, but it has to know how to react to it because RNA is made from DNA) Guanine binds to Cytosine Cytosine binds to Guanine 3.mRNA grows until it reaches a special stop signal 4.mRNA drops off & leaves the nucleus to meet tRNA at the ribosome 5.DNA zips back up

27. TRANSCRIPTION PRACTICE USING DNA TO RNA BASE PAIRING RULE What nitrogen base corresponds to the base provided? Strand of DNA G  A  T  A  C  A  (NEW) Strand of RNA C U A A U G U ***RNA does not use the nitrogen base thymine, but it has to know how to react to it because RNA is made from DNA

28. USE YOUR NOTES TO COMPLETE THE DNA & RNA VENN DIAGRAM DNARNA Things they both share in common Things that are only true for DNA Things that are only true for RNA