1. Malaria carried by the Anopheles Mosquito
A killer of more than 1 million people a year

3. Why do we care so much about Malaria?

4. Spatial distribution of Malaria
Successful eradication of Malaria from Southern Europe, USA and Taiwan.
Temp of between 16 – 32ºc for parasite to develop.
Malaria was spread to The Americas from Africa by the Slave Trade.

5. Distribution of Malaria in Africa

6. Spatial Diffusion of Malaria
How is the disease of Malaria spread around?

7. Spatial Diffusion of Malaria
Malaria is an example of contagious diffusion.
The disease is spread from one host to the next by direct contact. In the case of Malaria the direct contact is with an infected Anopheles mosquito.

8. KEY TERMS Pathogen – Micro-organism which causes a disease.
Vector – Is an organism which can spread disease by carrying a pathogen from one host to another.
Anopheles mosquito is a vector. It transmits the malaria pathogen plasmodium to humans.
The mosquito is unaffected by Malaria.
The female Anopheles mosquito needs blood for its eggs to grow before they become larvae.

9. Parasite spores form in the gut of mosquito.
Malaria parasite sucked up by the female Anopheles mosquito when it bites an infected person.
Parasite spores form in the gut of mosquito.
Merozoites pour from the liver and breed in Red blood cells, damaging them and causing ill health possibly death.
Malaria spores injected into another human by mosquito bite. Pass through blood to the liver.
Each spore develops into 20,000 merozoites
J Gillett 2005

10. Where Anopheles mosquitoes live?
Temp 16ºc to 32ºc So mainly tropical areas of altitude below 2500m
Mosquito larvae grows in stagnant water. Particularly swamps, near rivers, irrigated fields, open water storage.

12. Relatives carry a young Yanomami girl, seriously ill with cerebral malaria, from a field clinic to an aeroplane for transfer to a hospital. © WHO/TDR/Mark Edwards.

13. A young girl experiencing a clinical attack of malaria in a Health Centre in The Gambia. © WHO/TDR/Dr Steven Lindsay.

14. The fight against Malaria
Vector control (Killing mosquitoes and stopping mosquitoes biting people)
Treatment (Medical treatment for Malaria victims)
Possible vaccine?

15. Malaria vector control measures
Reduction of human-mosquito contact
Insecticide-treated nets, repellents, protective clothing, screening
of houses, zooprophylaxis
Destruction of adult mosquitoes
Insecticide-treated nets, Insecticide spraying,
Destruction of mosquito larvae
Peri-domestic sanitation Larviciding of water surfaces, intermittent irrigation, sluicing, biological control
Source reduction
Small-scale drainage Environmental sanitation, water management, drainage
Social participation
Motivation for personal Health education, and family protection community participation
WHO Technical Report 2005

16. Insecticide-impregnated bednet trials are underway in Nane-Janania village near Navrongo, Ghana. Drying the nets on sleeping mats also helps to kill any insects in the mat. © WHO/TDR/Ane Haaland.

17. Ronei do Silva Rodrigues and his migrant parents in Candeias township close to Porto Velho, Brazil, habitually sleep under bednets to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes. © WHO/TDR/Mark Edwards.

18. Insecticide Treated Mosquito Bed Nets – Kampala Uganda

19. Treatment
There are a variety of quinine based anti-malaria drugs which can prevent Malaria developing even if you are bitten, although drug resistance is increasingly a problem especially with Chloroquine.

20. A farmer in Uganda looks over his field of Artemesia
A farmer in Uganda looks over his field of Artemesia. Chinese Scientists have discovered that the Artemesia herb can be processed into a drug (Artemesinin Combination Therapies ACTs) that can treat malaria and save thousands of lives each day in Africa.

21. Final thoughts… Increasing international travel and trade.
Problems of resistance to drugs and lack of funding.
Increasing human habitation and irrigated agriculture.
Affect of climate change.
WHO estimates the cost of achieving their goal of reducing Malaria by 80% in Africa by 2015 would cost $1.7 to $2 billion a year.