1. Chapter 15 Sustainability and Legacy

2. Chapter Objectives 1.Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the immediate and long-term impacts, or legacies, of events 2.Account for and give consideration to the numerous and integrative infrastructures and developments that can accompany the hosting of medium- and small- scale events 3.Capitalize on the economic, social, emotional, promotional, and capital benefits to be derived from the proper management of medium- and small-scale events

3. What are Legacies? “The material and non-material effects produced directly or indirectly by the sport event, whether planned or not, that durably transform the host region in an objectively and subjectively, positive or negative way” (Chappelet & Junod, 2006, p. 84) – The “things” left behind upon the completion of an event

4. Growth in Sport Tourism Sporting events, such as the Daytona 500, National Championships, the World Cup, and the Olympic Games have themselves become vacation destinations. Sport event tourism has played a primary and central role for host destinations.

5. Sport Event Sizes Mega-sporting events garner the most attention and media exposure on a global scene – May not be as successful in generating positive legacies as once believed – “White elephants” Medium to small events – Local to regional events with little media attention – Becoming more popular to host because of their positives impacts and potential sustainability – Engender both positive social and economic impacts

6. Importance of Legacy Interests have turned to the impacts of hosting a sport event on the local community Large investments made towards hosting an event have become an important component of community resources and infrastructure development Helping communities and event hosts to better plan sporting events and sport tourism destinations

7. Positive Outcomes Prevent the host community from criticizing the organizers of the event for any potential shortcomings Substantiate the use of public resources for the potential sport-event related infrastructure(s) Stimulates interest for the community and/or surrounding communities to host future events, helping to ensure the continuity of the event

8. Five Dimensions of Legacy Degree of planned/unplanned structure Degree of positive/negative structure Degree of tangible/intangible structure Duration and time of a changed structure Space affected by changed structure

9. Components of Legacy Impacts Tangible legacies – Observable, easily identified, include programs and initiatives, are measured by infrastructure – Consist of technological, environmental, and networking improvements Intangible legacies – Transfer of knowledge, governmental reform, and emotional capital for residents, participants, and spectators

10. Legacy Event Structures Six event outcomes – Infrastructure – Know how – Networks – Culture – Emotions – Image Six categories – Sport – Economics – Infrastructure – Information and education – Public life, politics, and culture – Symbols, memory, and history

11. Hard and Soft Legacies Hard Legacies Primary structure – Example: Sport infrastructure, training sites Secondary structure – Example: Villages for athletes, technical officials, and media Tertiary structures – Example: Security, power plants, cultural attractions, telecommunication networks Soft Legacies Knowledge – Example: Organizational, security, technological Networks – Example: Political, sport federations, security Cultural goods – Example: Cultural identity, cultural ideas, and common memory

12. Measuring Legacies Benchmark/top-down approach – Three scenarios under which legacies can be produced: The same city hosts the same sport event over time The same city hosts different sport events over time Same sport event being hosted by different cities over time Top-down approach – Aims to isolate event-related impacts from general municipal developments – Compare the economic indicators of the event with the same indicators of the host city if the event had not taken place

13. Measuring Legacies (cont.) Control-case approach – Comparisons made between the infrastructure developments a community would incur as a result of hosting an event to the potentially alternative infrastructure development if it did not Bottom-up approach – Measuring all relevant changes to infrastructures and the host city are considered as well as potential long-term development for the city – Reduces the limitations from the other approaches