1. Respiratory Diseases

2. Purpose of the respiratory system? To exchange oxygen from the environment with carbon dioxide from tissue

3. Respiratory tract can be divided into an upper region and a lower region

4. Respiratory Tract ©http://www.rsdrx.com/images/UpperRespSketchLRes.gif

5. The entrance of the larynx is covered with a flap of tissue called the epiglottis Epiglottis prevents food from entering the airways

8. Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common acute illness seen in outpatient care Upper respiratory infections tend to be less severe than lower

9. Most of the upper respiratory tract has a “safeguard” against bacteria, viruses, and other particles Nasal cavity is lined with pads of soft tissue that “cleans” the air that your inhaling There is mucus on the surface of this tissue

10. Nasal Cavity

11. Mucous Cells of the Nasal Cavity

12. Tonsils and Adenoids Both are part of the immune system Tonsils: lymph nodes without a cap located at the back of the mouth Filled with lymphocytes (white blood cells) Adenoids: mass of lymphoid tissue located at the back of the nasal airway Trap infection agents and produce antibodies

13. Tonsils and Adenoids ©http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/tons.gif

14. If tonsils become infected and do not heal, they are removed

15. Tonsillitis ©http://www.ozzy.f2s.com/tonsils2.jpg

16. If adenoids become infected, they may be removed or they may cause another infection….where? Ear infection The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx

17. Anatomy of the Ear ©http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube

18. The Eustachian tube equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the outside world Multiple infections may lead to ear tube surgery (not uncommon in children) Ear drum is punctured, a tube is inserted to assist with drainage and decrease infection

20. Sinusitis: inflammation or infection of the sinuses Sinuses: hollow air spaces within the bones around the nose Creates mucus that drains into the nose

21. If the nose is swollen, it cause an infection or pain Causes include: allergens, bacteria, pollutants

22. Sinusitis ©http://content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/images-image_popup- sinusitis_big.jpg

23. Lower respiratory infections/diseases tend to be more dangerous Lung diseases are often described by lobe –With lung cancer, entire lobe needs to be removed

24. The Lungs ©http://www.cancerline.com/gUserFiles/lungs_detail.jpg

25. Common Symptoms of Respiratory Illness 1. Coughing Coughing is beneficial What happens when you cough? Exaggerated inhalation

26. Build up pressure Force “stuff” out of your lungs –At extremely high speeds Why is this beneficial? It forces irritants out of the lungs

27. Most cough suppressants are more harmful than helpful in that they interrupt this process Should really only be taken if you have a dry cough or you cannot sleep

28. Read the ingredients in your cough syrup Codeine (prescription)—blocks the cough reflex in your brain –Makes you tired –Suppresses cough Suppressant (OTC)—contains ethyl alcohol –Makes you sleepy –Suppresses cough

29. Decongestant: vasoconstrictor –Have no affect on coughing –Dries up sinuses Acetaminophen: Tylenol –Helps with headache and sore throat –No affect on cough

30. Expectorants: targets the mucus making it watery and thin –Easier to cough up

31. 2. Runny/stuffy nose 3. Dyspnea: breathlessness 4. Pain (found in both upper and lower respiratory infections/diseases) 5. Blood (in sputum or phlegm) 6. Sneezing

32. Causes of Respiratory Inflammation 1. Bacteria  Acute bronchitis—chest cold  Inner ear infection  Sore throat (approximately 30%)  Tuberculosis  Pneumonia

33. Streptococcus ©http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb- media/11/90111-004-1C9F7FB0.jpg

34. ©http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19694.j pg

35. ©http://www.microsweep.com/images/m.tuberculosis_labeled.jpg

36. Pneumonia Bacteria ©http://respiratory- research.com/content/figures/1465-9921-9-24-4-l.jpg

37. 2. Viruses Sore throat (70%) “Head colds” all of them “Head colds” all of them Two families of viruses responsible: Two families of viruses responsible: Adenovirus Adenovirus Rhinovirus Rhinovirus

38. Adenovirus ©http://www.flupatrol.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/05/big-adenovirus-v3.gif

39. Rhinovirus ©http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/immunologie/images/content/research/stoeckl/rhinovirus.jpg

40. 3. Allergen If a head cold last longer than a week, it is probably an allergy If a head cold last longer than a week, it is probably an allergy See an allergist and have a test done See an allergist and have a test done

41. 4. Particulates/Chemicals Mainly environmental factors Mainly environmental factors Can cause irritation → inflammation Can cause irritation → inflammation

42. 5. Parasites Feed on your blood Feed on your blood Ex. Hookworm Ex. Hookworm