2. Mr. Lauta

3. The Pharaoh

4. NARMER
First Egyptian pharaoh to conquer and rule Upper and Lower Egypt
Also known as Menes

5. groups. These groups had much in common:
Upper and Lower Egypt
The people who lived
along the Nile banded
together into two main
groups. These groups had much in common:
Lower Egypt   
Upper
Egypt
The same culture
The same language
The same gods

6. A. Unlike Sumeria, no independent city-states in Egypt
UNITED EGYPT’S GOVERNMENT
A. Unlike Sumeria, no independent city-states in Egypt
B. Menes, the king of Upper Egypt,
1. united the two regions – Upper and Lower – in 3,100 B.C.E.
2. Capital: Memphis
3. Creates first Egyptian dynasty
C. The Pharaoh [means, royal house] – the ruler of Egypt
1. were considered gods; served both political and religious roles
Type of government where the political rulers are thought to be divinely-guided, or even divine themselves is a theocracy.
Before 3000 B.C., there was the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. When Egypt was united, these two crowns were combined into the Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

7. 2. Believed each pharaoh ruled even after death, because
they all possessed the same eternal spirit = ka;
and being gods, they naturally bore full responsibility for Egypt’s well-being.
3. Therefore, the Pharaoh’s tomb were very important, because it was still a place of rule. They built massive tombs called pyramids.
The pyramids were built mainly in the
Old Kingdom Period.

8. The Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre at Giza.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

9. Most Powerful Egyptian
The most powerful person in ancient Egypt
Political and religious leader
Two titles
“Lord of the Two Lands”
“High Priest of Every Temple”

10. “Lord of the Two Lands” Ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt
Owned all of the land
Made laws
Collected taxes
Defended Egypt against foreigners

11. “High Priest of Every Temple”
Represented the gods on Earth
Performed rituals and built temples to honor the gods

12. As Warrior
Went to war when their land was threatened or when they wanted to control foreign lands
If the pharaoh won the battle, the conquered people had to recognize the Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler and offer him the finest and most valuable goods from their land

13. THE PYRAMIDS

15. “Houses of Eternity”
Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens
The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.

16. Old Kingdom
Period of ancient Egyptian history that lasted from about 2686 B.C. to 2181 B.C.

17. Middle Kingdom
Period of ancient Egyptian history that lasted from about 2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C.

18. Inside the Pyramid King’s Chamber  Queen’s Chamber   Air Shaft
Chambers 
King’s Chamber 
 Grand Gallery
Queen’s Chamber 
 Ascending Passage
Connecting Passage 
 Descending Passage
 Underground Chamber

19. The King’s Chamber Burial chamber of the pharaoh
Granite sarcophagus in the corner
Mummy and all of his funerary goods for the next life

20. Queen’s Chamber
It was never meant to be the burial chamber for a queen
Khufu's queens had their own separate pyramids built nearby
This chamber may have been built as a room to hold Khufu's funerary objects

21. Chambers Above King’s Chamber
Five rough chambers
Helped to shift the weight of the heavy stones at the top of the pyramid off the inner chambers

22. Casing Blocks
When the pyramid was almost finished, casing blocks of white limestone were laid on top of the main pyramid blocks
Each casing block was then trimmed so that the outer surface of the pyramid would be smooth and white

23. Pyramidion (Top Block)
At the very top, a block of stone in the shape of a pyramid
Probably covered with a thin sheet of either gold, electrum (a mixture of gold and silver), or some other metal that would reflect the rays of the sun. 

24. About eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt
Three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom
Most well-known was built for the pharaoh Khufu -- known as the 'Great Pyramid'

25. Outside the Pyramid
The Great Pyramid was part of a complex that included a special walkway, two temples, other pyramids, boat pits and the mastabas of nobles
Mastabas are early ancient Egyptian tomb which have an underground burial chamber and an above ground offering chapel

27. Queens’ Pyramids
Small pyramids built on the eastern side of the pyramid -- built for Khufu's queens 

28. Satellite Temple
Believed to be a symbolic tomb for the pharaoh’s ka (spirit) 

29. Mortuary Temple
Believed to be where offerings were left and daily rituals were carried out for the king 

30. Causeway
Long walkway that joined the valley temple and the mortuary temple
Would have had walls decorated with paintings and a ceiling with painted stars 

31. Boat Pit  
Believed to represent the bark that the pharaoh would travel in after he died
Others believe that these boats were actually used in Khufu's funeral procession across the Nile

32. Enclosing Wall   Wall wrapped around the base of the pyramid
Between the pyramid and the wall there was a narrow courtyard that could only be entered through the valley temple  

33. Valley Temple  At end of causeway
Believed to be where the pharaoh's funeral began

34. Mastabas   Mastabas  
Tombs of nobles who wanted to be buried close to their pharaoh so that they would stay close to him in the next life

35. THE END