2. 1 Solutions

3. 2 Some Definitions Solution: a mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase. One substance is usually regarded as the SOLVENT and the others as SOLUTES.

4. 3 Parts of a Solution SOLUTE – the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount) SOLVENT – the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount) Solute + Solvent = Solution SoluteSolventExample solid metal alloys (bronze) solidliquidNaCl solution (salt water solution) gassolidmarshmallow (air dissolved in solid) liquid alcohol in water (dilutes the alcohol) gasliquid 2 carbonated drinks (CO 2 dissolved) gas 22 air (mixture of gases: O 2, N 2, Ar)

5. 4 Definitions Solutions can be classified as or. Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature

6. 5 Definitions SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION: a solution that contains more solute than is normally possible to be dissolved  unstable; supersaturation is only temporary  two ways to make supersaturated solutions: 1.Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution 2.Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution

7. 6 Solution Concentration

8. 7 Learning Check What will be the result of adding more CuSO 4 to the saturated solution?

9. 8 Concentration of Solute The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration. Molarity (M) = moles solute liters of solution

10. 9 1.0 L of water was used to make 1.0 L of solution. Notice the water left over.

11. 10 PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl 2 in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate the Molarity. Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl 2 Step 2: Calculate Molarity [NiCl 2 ] = 0.154 M

12. 11 Step 1: Change mL to L. 250 mL * 1L/1000mL = 0.250 L Step 2: Calculate. Moles = (0.0500 mol/L) (0.250 L) = 0.0125 moles Step 3: Convert moles to grams. (0.0125 mol)(90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g USING MOLARITY moles = MV What mass of oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 O 4, is required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution?

13. 12 Learning Check How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution? 1)12 g 2)48 g 3) 300 g

14. 13 Learning Check 400.0 mL is equal to 0.4 L Molar mass of NaOH: 22.99 + 15.999 + 1.008 40.006 g/mol 3.0 M = 3.0 moles/1.0 L (3.0 moles/1.0 L)(0.4 L) = 1.2 moles NaOH

15. 14 Learning Check Molar mass of NaOH: 22.99 + 15.999 + 1.008 40.006 g/mol (1.2 moles NaOH)(40.006 g/mol) = 48.0 g

16. 15 Solubility Solubility is the term that refers to how much of a solute will dissolve in a solvent. Every substance has a different amount of solute that dissolves before becoming a saturated solution. The solubility of a given substance usually changes with temperature. Higher temperature usually causes more solute to dissolve before the solution is saturated.

17. 16 Solubility Graphs Solubility graphs show how much of a solute dissolves in a given amount of solvent to make a saturated solution.

18. 17 In a solubility graph, the line indicates a saturated solution. Below the line indicates an unsaturated solution. The y axis of a solubility graph is grams of solute/amount of solvent. The x axis is temperature.

19. 18 Which solution is saturated with 60 grams of solute/100 grams of water at 0 o C? Which solution dissolves the most solute at 60 o C?

20. 19 Which solution is unsaturated at 40 o C and 78 g of solute/100 grams of water? Changing temperature has the greatest effect on the solubility of which substance?

21. 20 Learning Check A graph of the solubility of several compounds is shown. Which of these would result in a saturated solution at 50 o C when dissolved in 100 grams of water? a)30 g NaCl b)50 g KCl 3 c)80 g KNO 3 3 d)100 g NaNO 3

22. 21 IONIC COMPOUNDS Compounds in Aqueous Solution Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water — aqueous solutions. KMnO 4 in water K + (aq) + MnO 4 - (aq)

23. 22 Two Other Concentration Units grams solute grams solution MOLALITY, m % by mass = % by mass m of solution= mol solute kilograms solvent

24. 23 Calculating Concentrations Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g of H 2 O. Calculate molality and % by mass of ethylene glycol.

25. 24 Calculating Concentrations Calculate molality Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g of H 2 O. Calculate m & % of ethylene glycol (by mass). Calculate weight %

26. 25 Learning Check A solution contains 15 g Na 2 CO 3 and 235 g of H 2 O? What is the mass % of the solution? 1) 15% Na 2 CO 3 2) 6.4% Na 2 CO 3 3) 6.0% Na 2 CO 3

27. 26 Using mass % How many grams of NaCl are needed to prepare 250 g of a 10.0% (by mass) NaCl solution?

28. 27 Try this molality problem 25.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in 5000. mL of water. Find the molality (m) of the resulting solution. m = mol solute / kg solvent 25 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 58.5 g NaCl = 0.427 mol NaCl Since the density of water is 1 g/mL, 5000 mL = 5000 g, which is 5 kg 0.427 mol NaCl 5 kg water = 0.0854 m salt water

29. 28 Colligative Properties On adding a solute to a solvent, the properties of the solvent are modified. Vapor pressure decreasesVapor pressure decreases Melting point decreasesMelting point decreases Boiling point increasesBoiling point increases These changes are called COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES. They depend only on the NUMBER of solute particles relative to solvent particles, not on the KIND of solute particles.

30. 29 Change in Freezing Point The freezing point of a solution is LOWER than that of the pure solvent Pure water Ethylene glycol/water solution

31. 30 Change in Freezing Point Common Applications of Freezing Point Depression Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol – deadly to small animals

32. 31 Common Applications of Freezing Point Depression Which would you use for the streets of Bloomington to lower the freezing point of ice and why? Would the temperature make any difference in your decision? a)sand, SiO 2 b)Rock salt, NaCl c)Ice Melt, CaCl 2 Change in Freezing Point

33. 32 Change in Boiling Point Common Applications of Boiling Point Elevation

34. 33 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression ∆T = Kmi ∆T = Kmi i = van’t Hoff factor = number of particles produced per molecule/formula unit. For covalent compounds, i = 1. For ionic compounds, i = the number of ions present (both + and -) CompoundTheoretical Value of i glycol1 NaCl2 CaCl 2 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 5

35. 34 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression ∆T = Kmi ∆T = Kmi SubstanceKbKb benzene2.53 camphor5.95 carbon tetrachloride5.03 ethyl ether2.02 water0.52 m = molality K = molal freezing point/boiling point constant SubstanceKfKf benzene5.12 camphor40. carbon tetrachloride30. ethyl ether1.79 water1.86

36. 35 Change in Boiling Point Dissolve 62.1 g of glycol (1.00 mol) in 250. g of water. What is the boiling point of the solution? K b = 0.52 o C/molal for water (see K b table). Solution∆T BP = K b m i 1.Calculate solution molality = 4.00 m 2.∆T BP = K b m i ∆T BP = 0.52 o C/molal (4.00 molal) (1) ∆T BP = 0.52 o C/molal (4.00 molal) (1) ∆T BP = 2.08 o C BP = 100 + 2.08 = 102.08 o C (water normally boils at 100)

37. 36 Calculate the Freezing Point of a 4.00 molal glycol/water solution. K f = 1.86 o C/molal (See K f table) Solution ∆T FP = K f m i = (1.86 o C/molal)(4.00 m)(1) = (1.86 o C/molal)(4.00 m)(1) ∆T FP = 7.44 FP = 0 – 7.44 = -7.44 o C (because water normally freezes at 0) Freezing Point Depression

38. 37 At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze? Solution ∆T FP = K f m i ∆T FP = (1.86 o C/molal) 5.4 m 2 ∆T FP = (1.86 o C/molal) 5.4 m 2 ∆T FP = 20.1 o C ∆T FP = 20.1 o C FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1 o C FP = 0 – 20.1 = -20.1 o C Freezing Point Depression

39. 38 Preparing Solutions Weigh out a solid solute and dissolve in a given quantity of solvent.Weigh out a solid solute and dissolve in a given quantity of solvent. Dilute a concentrated solution to give one that is less concentrated.Dilute a concentrated solution to give one that is less concentrated.

40. 39 ACID-BASE REACTIONS Titrations H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> acid base acid base Na 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(liq) Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION. Oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 O 4

41. 40 Setup for titrating an acid with a base

42. 41 TitrationTitration 1. Add solution from the buret. 2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound (acid) in solution in the flask. 3.Indicator shows when exact stoichiometric reaction has occurred. (Acid = Base) This is called NEUTRALIZATION. This is called NEUTRALIZATION.