2. James I (1603-1625) Fiscal Problems, Fights Among the Faithful, and Royal Favorites

3. “God’s Silly Vassal” James believed in Divine Right Monarchy—The Trew Law of Free Monarchies (1598) He had been successful as a Scottish king; but he relied on these experiences overly much and failed to grasp how Englishmen understood their governmental system and the role of Parliament James’ uneasiness with the English system led him to surround himself with his Scottish cronies, which hardly endeared him to his new subjects

4. Failed Fiscal Reforms Both James and Parliament wanted to curb the abuses of purveyance, wardship, and monopolies. But Parliament was reluctant to increase James’ Tunnage and Poundage; hence, reform languished and James and Parliament became estranged from one another.

5. Toward a balanced budget Robert Cecil, James’ chief minister, found ways to raise revenues and ending the war with Spain helped immensely. But deficits remained (Ł 50,000 in 1610) James spent too much on his favorites and friends—by 1619, it consumed 1/3 of his income and most of it went to his Scottish favorites

6. Robert Cecil (1563-1612)

7. Crisis of Modernization Parliament, too, can be blamed for the fiscal crisis It was easier to complain than to devise new fiscal system Parliament didn’t like voting annual taxes for the king because its constituents had long been successful in avoiding taxes and Parliament didn’t like the concept of annual meetings such a fiscal scheme implied. Parliament saw itself as an emergency body, coming together to save the realm.

8. James, God, and The Church of England Puritans hoped that James would establish Presbyterianism in England—Millenary Petition Hampton Court Conference (1604) “No bishop, no king.” James wanted conformity—all clergy had to adhere to the 39 Articles But James did little more to alienate Puritans—he appointed Calvinists to church offices and he authorized the KJV which was completed in 1611

9. Gunpowder Plot Millenarian beliefs were very strong in England A few Catholics, led by Guy Fawkes, planned to blow up King, Lords, and Commons, on the opening day of Parliament, Nov. 5, 1605 Some plotters did not want to blow up the Catholic peers and ratted-out their co-consipirators Protestants believed that Catholicism was an evil and commemorated its near treachery by burning Guy Fawkes in effigy each Nov. 5

10. Accused of treason, Guy Fawkes faces Parliament

12. James on his own After 1610, Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, lost power and influence James increasingly indulged his fancy for “pleasing young men with graceful limbs and fair complexions.” James made these men advisors, which angered the English establishment. Robert Carr was the first of these, followed by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham

13. Carr and Buckingham—James’ “Favorites”

14. Overseas Colonies Established The Virginia Company established Jamestown in 1607 Plymouth Plantation was established in 1620 Newfoundland and Maine Coast developed fisheries England continued to Colonize Ireland—source of Pale of Settlement Model for rest of Colonies— but Ireland was managed directly by the crown because of its proximity and Catholicism

15. The “Ulster” Ulcer Between 1609 and 1625, fifty-nine Scottish “undertakers” were granted huge estates in Northern Ireland—81,000 acres. These undertakers peopled these lands with Englishmen and Scots, all of whom were Protestant This policy was continued under Cromwell—root source of English-Irish antipathy today

16. Renewed War w/ Spain Although he ended the war with Spain in 1604, James allowed the Thirty Years War—with Buckingham’s insistence—to result in a new crusade against Catholic Spain. Parliament initially supported James—(Myth of Spanish Armada, myth of cheap and profitable war like that fought by Drake and Hawkins) Buckingham and the Future Charles I were also hot after Spain, following an ill-fated 1623 mission, where Buckingham was rebuffed and Charles failed to woo the Spanish Infanta England began to aide the Spanish Netherlands, which was again in revolt against Philip III of Spain