1. Building Your Career (and Life) Success With Communication Skills
Assoc. Prof. Harun Kaya

2. Content The Importance of Communication Skills to Your Career
Writing Skills and Professionalism Lead to Success
Using This Course to Build Communication Skills
Succeeding in the Changing World of Work
Examining the Communication Process
Barriers to Communication
Overcoming General Communication Barriers
Understanding is shaped by
Types of General Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Tips for Becoming an Active Listener3
How the Eyes, Face, and Body Send Silent Messages4
How Appearance Sends Silent Messages
Improving Your Nonverbal Communication Skills
Tips for Improving Your Nonverbal Skills2

3. The Importance of Communication Skills to Your Career
«If I went back to college again, I’d concentrate on two areas:
learning to write and to speak before an audience.
Nothing in life is more important than the ability to communicate effectively.»
Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the USA

4. The Importance of Communication Skills to Your Career
We live in an information age that revolves around communication.
Communication skills are critical to your;
job placement,
performance,
career advancement,
and organizational success.
In making hiring decisions, employers often rank communication skills among the most requested competencies.

5. Writing Skills and Professionalism Lead to Success
Advancements in technology mean that writing skills are increasingly important because more messages are being exchanged.
In addition to expecting employees to write clearly, businesses expect employees to act in a businesslike and professional manner on the job.
Companies are reluctant to promote people into management who do not look or sound credible.

6. Writing Skills and Professionalism Lead to Success
SPEECH HABITS
Your credibility can be seriously damaged by sounding uneducated, crude, or like a teenager.
Employers like to see subjects, verbs and punctuation marks.
INTERNET
An address that is your name or a relevant, positive, businesslike expression.
It should not sound cute or like a chat room nickname.
TELEPHONE
A quiet background when you answer the telephone.
Never letting a cell phone interrupt business meetings

7. Using This Course to Build Communication Skills
The abilities to read, listen, speak, and write effectively, of course, are not inborn.
Because communication skills are learned, you control how well you communicate.
Developing career-boosting communication skills requires instruction, practice, and feedback from a specialist.
Many people and businesses are paying huge sums to communication coaches and trainers to teach them the very skills that you are learning in this course.
You may find this course to be the most important in your entire college curriculum.

8. Succeeding in the Changing World of Work
The following business trends illustrate the importance of excellent communication skills:
Heightened global competition
Flattened management hierarchies
Increased emphasis on team-based management (Self-directed work groups and virtual teams)
More participatory management
Innovative communication technologies
New work environments (Mobile technologies and the desire for a better balance between work and family have resulted in flexible working arrangements)
Increasingly diverse workforce
Focus on information and knowledge as corporate assets (You will be expected to gather, sort, store, and disseminate data in a timely and accurate fashion. This is the new way of business life.)

9. Examining the Communication Process
What is communication?
Communication is the transmission of information and meaning from one individual or group to another.
Communication has as its central objective the transmission of meaning.
The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended it.
This process generally involves five steps.

10. The Communication Process Basic Model3

11. The Communication Process Basic Model1.
Sender has idea 8

12. The Communication Process Basic Model1.
Sender has idea 8

13. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 1.
Sender has idea 8

14. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 1.
Sender has idea 8

15. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 8

16. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 8

17. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 8

18. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 8

19. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 5.
Feedback travels
to sender 8

20. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 5.
Feedback travels
to sender 8

21. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 5.
Feedback travels
to sender 8

22. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 6.
Possible additional feedback to receiver 5.
Feedback travels
to sender 8

23. The Communication Process Basic Model2.
Sender encodes idea in message 3.
Message travels over channel 1.
Sender has idea 4.
Receiver decodes message 6.
Possible additional feedback to receiver 5.
Feedback travels
to sender 8

24. The Communication Process Expanded Model

25. Understanding is shaped by
Communication climate
Context and setting
Background, experiences
Knowledge, mood
Values, beliefs, culture 11

26. A Classic Case of Miscommunication
In Center Harbor, Maine, local legend recalls the day when Walter Cronkite steered his boat into port.
The avid sailor was amused to see in the distance a small crowd on shore waving their arms to greet him.
He could barely make out their excited shouts: “Hello Walter, Hello Walter!”

27. A Classic Case of Miscommunication
As his boat came closer, the crowd grew larger, still yelling.
Pleased at the reception, Cronkite tipped his white captain's hat, waved back, even took a bow.
But before reaching dockside, Cronkite's boat abruptly jammed aground.
The crowd stood silent. The veteran news anchor suddenly realized what they'd been shouting: “Low water, low water!”

28. Analysis of Flawed Communication Process20

29. Analysis of Flawed Communication Process
Sender has idea
Warn boater 20

30. Analysis of Flawed Communication Process
Sender has idea
Warn boater
Sender encodes message
“Low water!” 20

31. Analysis of Flawed Communication Process
Sender has idea
Warn boater
Sender encodes message
“Low water!”
Channel carries message
Message distorted 20

32. Analysis of Flawed Communication Process
Sender has idea
Warn boater
Sender encodes message
“Low water!”
Channel carries message
Message distorted
Receiver decodes message
“Hello Walter!” 20

33. Barriers That Caused Cronkite Miscommunication
Frame of reference
Language skills
Listening skills
Receiver accustomed to acclaim and appreciative crowds.
Maine accent makes "water" and "Walter" sound similar.
Receiver more accustomed to speaking than to listening.

34. Barriers That Caused Cronkite Miscommunication
Emotional interference
Physical barriers
Ego prompted receiver to believe crowd was responding to his celebrity status.
Noise from boat, distance between senders and receivers.
Which of these barriers could be overcome through improved communication skills?

35. General Communication Barriers
Bypassing causes miscommunication because people have different meanings for the words they use.
One's frame of reference creates a filter through which all ideas are screened, sometimes causing distortion and lack of objectivity.
Weak language skills as well as poor listening skills impair communication efforts.
Emotional interference - joy, fear, anger, and so forth—hampers the sending and receiving of messages.
Physical distractions - noisy surroundings, faulty acoustics, and so forth—can disrupt oral communication. 22

36. Overcoming General Communication Barriers
Realize that communication is imperfect.
Adapt the message to the receiver.
Improve your language and listening skills.
Question your preconceptions.
Plan for feedback. 22

37. Types of General Communication
Intrapersonal communication (communication within one’s inner self)
Interpersonal communication (communication between two people or group)
Organizational communication (communication within organization)

38. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 1
1. KNOW YOURSELF
The most essential thing in the world to any individual is to understand himself.
Know who are you, what do you want from life in general, in school specifically.
You are defined by your skills, interests and passions.
No one is perfect: Only insane people think they’re perfect.

39. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 2
It all comes down to your skills.
Having a problem? You need a new skill.
If you want to be healthy, study health;
If you want to be wealthy, the study wealth,
If you want to be good communicator study for that.

40. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 3
Know your skills and use them.
If you are not using them, you are losing them!.
What are your interests?
Identify and choose an area you love to work.
And, find a passion that will get you up early and keep you up late

41. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 4
2.HAVE GOALS IN LIFE
Have a goal make plans for achieving the goal and targets.
Because «Failing to plan is planning to fail»
You won’t be able to control the forces of nature
but
you can control your thoughts, perceptions and actions.
You can decide to adjust the sails on your boat to get you to where you want to go, or
just complain that the forces of nature don’t want you to succeed.
Do not be like the people that come to the end of their life and say: I wish I woulda, coulda, shoulda.

42. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 5
The Five Target Areas
1.Physical Wellness (issues of the physical body):
Improvement of an existing health condition
Enhancement of personal appearance
Increasing motivation to eliminate bad habits
2.Mental Wellness (issues of mind and emotions):
Reducing negativity and stress
Increasing mental clarity and focus
Enhancing memory
Balancing emotional states

43. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 6
The Five Target Areas
3.Career and Finances:
Increasing monetary income
Developing new ideas for improved career
4. Relationships:
Developing a loving attitude toward others
Fostering self-esteem in any relationship
5. Spirituality:
Enhancing connection with the divine
Stimulating spiritual growth and wisdom

44. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 7
3.NO NEGATIVE SELF-TALK
Most people look at themselves and say things like:
“There must be something WRONG WITH ME. I don’t know why. I just can’t do it.”
But, in fact, the problem was that they needed to learn a new skill.
The ‘internal dialogue’ or ‘self-talk’ is simply the way that you talk to yourself inside your head.
Most people are talking to themselves all day long.
But most people are talking NEGATIVELY to themselves instead of talking POSITIVELY.

45. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 8
3.NO NEGATIVE SELF-TALK
Negative self-talk is, one of the primary causes of
low self-esteem,
giving up, and
a lack of interest in even trying.
Most people who have negative beliefs also have negative self-talk that creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Insecurity shows up when a person does not feel comfortable with who s/he is or comfortable in a given situation. S/he acts weak and unsure.

46. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 9
3.NO NEGATIVE SELF-TALK
If you tell yourself something enough times, you’ll begin to BELIEVE it. So DO POSITIVE TALK
Positive self-talk is not deny the realities we face.
It is proper communication with the subconscious which is the level of the mind below the threshold of our awareness.
The subconscious;
is open to suggestions originating from the conscious level
responds to repeated actions.
responds to images and symbols.

47. Intrapersonal Communication: Some Guidelines 10
4. MAKE FRİENDS
One good friend is worth a thousand relatives.
Most importantly find and start to hang around guys who were successful.
You will owe much of your success to the guys who showed you in the real world what they did.
So the BEST advice I can give you is to find about 5 guys that know who they’re.
5.WORK HARD…

48. Interpersonal Communication: Types
There are three main types of interpersonal communication:
Oral/verbal (talk, conversation, speech)
Non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions and body language)
Written (letters, reports, faxes…)

49. Barriers to Interpersonal Communication 1
Physical barriers: You cannot listen if you cannot hear what’s said.
Psychological barriers: If other ideas run counter to our preconceived thoughts, we tend to “tune out” the speaker and thus fail to hear.
Language problems: Unfamiliar words can destroy the communication process because they lack meaning for the receiver.
Nonverbal distractions: Many of us find it hard to listen if a speaker is different from what we view as normal. 10

50. Barriers to Interpersonal Communication 2
Thought speed: Because we can process thoughts more than three times faster than speakers can say them, we can become bored and allow our minds to wander.
Faking attention: Most of us have learned to look as if we are listening even when we’re not.
Grandstanding/Bypassing: We sometimes fail to listen carefully because we’re just waiting politely for the next pause so that we can have our turn to speak. 10

51. Organizational Communication: Types
There are two main types of organizational communication:
Formal communication (communication that flows the chain of command)
Informal communication (takes place outside of formal channel of communication, disregarding the organization’s hierarchical authority; i.e., informal personal talks, gossip, rumors etc.)
There are four types of organizational communication:
Downward communication (from superior to subordinate such as orders, instructions, memos)
Upward communication (from subordinate to superiors i.e. Suggestions and grievances and complaints)
Horizontal communication (between employees at the same level in the organizational hierarchy mostly for coordination purposes)
Lateral communication (between employees at different levels in the organizational hierarchy mostly for coordination purposes and providing necessary information )

52. Sub-Types of Organizational Communication
Both formal and informal communication can take the forms of:
Oral/verbal (talk, conversation, speech)
Non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions and body language)
Written (letters, reports, faxes…)

53. Forms of Organizational Communication
Oral Communication Types
Benefits/ Strength
Phone call
Conversation
Interview
Meeting
Conference
Immediate feedback
Nonverbal clues
Warm feeling
Forceful impact
Multiple input
Weaknesses:
No permanent record
Expression may be careless or imprecise
May be inappropriate for formal or complex ideas

54. Forms of Organizational Communication
Written Communication Types
Benefits/Strength
Announcement
, memo, fax
Letter
Report, proposal
Newsletter
PowerPoint presentation
Résumé
Permanent record
Convenience
Economy
Careful message
Easy distribution
Weaknesses:
Leaves paper trail; Requires skill
Requires effort; Lacks verbal cues
Seems impersonal

55. Functions of Business Communication
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3.To promote goodwill
Internal communication with
Superiors
Coworkers
Subordinates
Internal functions of communication include;
issuing and clarifying procedures and policies,
informing management of progress,
persuading others to make changes or improvements, and
interacting with employees.

56. Functions of Business Communication
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3.To promote goodwill
External communication with
Customers
Suppliers
Government agencies
The public
External functions of communication include
answering inquiries about products or services,
persuading customers to buy products or services,
clarifying supplier specifications, and so forth.

57. Organizational Communication Channel
Channel selection dependent on
Message content
Need for immediate response
Audience size and distance
Audience reaction
Need to show empathy, friendliness, formality
Flow:
Formal: down, up, horizontal
Informal: grapevine 23

58. Communication Flowing Through Formal Channels
Downward
Management directives
Job plans, policies
Company goals
Mission statements
Horizontal
Task coordination
Information sharing
Problem solving
Conflict resolution
Upward
Employee feedback
Progress reports
Reports of customer
interaction, feedback
Suggestions for
improvement
Anonymous hotline

59. Forms of Communication Flowing Through Formal Channels
Written
Executive memos, letters
Annual report
Company newsletter
Bulletin board postings
Orientation manual
Oral
Telephone
Face-to-face conversation
Company meetings
Team meetings
Electronic
Voic
Instant Messaging
Intranet
Videoconferencing

60. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100% 33

61. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100%
received by vice-president 63% 34

62. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100%
received by vice-president 63%
received by general supervisor 56% 35

63. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100%
received by vice-president 63%
received by general supervisor 56%
received by plant manager 40% 36

64. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100%
received by vice-president 63%
received by general supervisor 56%
received by plant manager 40%
received by team leader % 37

65. Message Distortion Downward Communication Through Five Levels of Management
Message Amount of message
written by board of directors 100%
received by vice-president 63%
received by general supervisor 56%
received by plant manager 40%
received by team leader %
received by worker % 38

66. Barriers That Block the Flow of Information in Organizations 1
Closed communication climate
Top-heavy organizational structure
Long lines of communication
Lack of trust between management and employees
Competition for power, status, rewards 39

67. Barriers That Block the Flow of Information in Organizations 2
6. Fear of reprisal for honest communication
7. Differing frames of reference among communicators
8. Lack of communication skills
9. Ego involvement
10. Turf wars 39

68. Surmounting Organizational Barriers
Encourage open environment for interaction and feedback.
Flatten the organizational structure.
Promote horizontal communication.
Provide hotline for anonymous feedback.
Provide sufficient information through formal channels. 39

69. Five Common Ethical Traps
The false-necessity trap
(convincing yourself that no other choice exists)
The doctrine-of-relative-filth trap
(comparing your unethical behavior with someone else’s even more unethical behavior)
The rationalization trap
(justifying unethical actions with excuses)

70. Five Common Ethical Traps
The self-deception trap
(persuading yourself, for example, that a lie is not really a lie)
The ends-justify-the-means trap
(using unethical methods to accomplish a desirable goal)

71. Tools for Doing the Right Thing
Is the action you are considering legal?
How would you see the problem if you were on the other side?
What alternate solutions are available?
Can you discuss the problem with someone you trust?

72. Tools for Doing the Right Thing
How would you feel if your family, friends, employer, or co-workers learned of your action?

73. End