1. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-3 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Cross on hill, dwelling near water] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [3v]-[4r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 21.5 cm. Image dimension width 43 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.7 cm. Page dimension width 43.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Cross on a hill and dwelling (perhaps the council house of the pueblo) near water. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject headings Indians of Mexico

2. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-8 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Church with six dwellings and a pine woods] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [8v]-[9r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 24.1 cm. Image dimension width 45 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.1 cm. Page dimension width 45 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description [At left] church with six dwellings and [at right] a pine woods. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes Translation of text, [at left], "Here is situate and named the Pueblo which has as patron Our Lady the Virgin Maria, on the edge and limit of the woodland country." [At right], "The territory of the Sons of the Pueblo which is found in the place called Ycsocalan (the Place of the Pine- woods) consists of 800 mecates linear." This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject headings Indians of Mexico

3. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-4 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Ancient Mexicans and lake] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [4v]-[5r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 23.2cm. Image dimension width 40 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.5 cm. Page dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Native Americans of ancient Mexico. Cultural artifacts include spears, bow, arrows, sandals, skin garments, and feathered headdresses. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 References exhibitions Johnson, J. G. Book in the Americas, Item 25, Fig. 34 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

4. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-5 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Mexican man and woman, two Mexican men in forest] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [5v]-[6r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 23.3 cm. Image dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 23.3 cm. Page dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Native Americans of Mexico. Cultural artifacts include sandals and staff. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes [At left], the man and woman are identified in text as Don Simon Ilhuitltemoc and Dona Ana Teçoçomoctzin. [At right], the man holding the staff is perhaps Don Miguel, Fiscal of the village. This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

5. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-6 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Three Mexican women sit under a tree, four Mexican men] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [6v]-[7r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 24.3 cm. Image dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.3 cm. Page dimension width 45.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Native Americans of ancient Mexico. Cultural artifacts include skin garments, skirts of maguey cactus [?], bows, arrows, spears, and sandals. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 References exhibitions Johnson, J. G. Book in the Americas, Item 25, Fig. 35 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

6. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-7 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Four Mexican men] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [7v]-[8r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 24.1 cm. Image dimension width 45 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 24.1 cm. Page dimension width 45 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Native Americans of ancient Mexico. Cultural artifacts include skin garments, bows, arrows, spears, and sandals. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

7. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-9 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Mexican man and woman under a tree and two Mexican men] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [9v]-[10r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 23.2 cm. Image dimension width 45.2 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 23.2 cm. Page dimension width 45.2 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description [At left] Native American man and woman of ancient Mexico wearing skins and sitting under a tree. The man carries a net and pole and is possibly fishing. [At right]Two noble Mexicans wearing knee-length dress, tunic, and sandals. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes Translation of text [at left] "This place bears the name Tlamaya, where the territory belonging to the Sons of the Pueblo consists of 800 mecates linear." [at right], "Sons of the Pueblo, Don Miguel de Santa Maria, Dona Bartholo Chimaltzin." This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre- Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

8. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-11 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Two Mexican men] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [12r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 22.2 cm. Image dimension width 21 cm. Page dimension height 24.6 cm. Page dimension width 42.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Two native Americans of ancient Mexico wearing skin garments and sandals and carrying spears, bow, and arrows. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

9. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-12 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Three Mexican men] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [12v] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 22 cm. Image dimension width 18.8 cm. Page dimension height 24.6 cm. Page dimension width 42.5 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Three native Americans of ancient Mexico wearing skin garments and sandals and carrying spears, bow, and arrows. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

10. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-2 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Deer graze on mountainside] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [3] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 18 cm. Image dimension width 20.8 cm. Page dimension height 24.7 cm. Page dimension width 44 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Two deer graze on a mountainside. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280; John Carter Brown Library, Annual Report, 1942, p. 15-18 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Flora and fauna Subject headings Natural history--Mexico

11. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 29022 Record number 29022-10 JCB call number Codex Ind 1 /1-SIZE Image title [Two deer climb a mountain, a Mexican and European discourse] Place image published [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Image date [ca. 1700-1743] Image function illustration; leaf [10v]-[11r] Technique manuscript, watercolor Image dimension height 23.2 cm. Image dimension width 45.2 cm. [both pages] Page dimension height 23.2 cm. Page dimension width 45.2 cm. [both pages] Materials medium ink, colors Materials support amatl paper Languages Nahuatl Description Two deer climb a mountain covered by trees and thorn bushes. Two men, one Mexican and one European [?], wearing knee-length dress, tunic, and sandals, talk to one another. Source place of publication [Santa Maria Tetelpan, Mexico] Source date [ca. 1700-1743] notes Translation of text, "The territory which is found in the place called Huitztla (place of thorn scrub) consists of 800 mecates." This codex, known as the Codex Coyoacán, is from a pueblo called Santa Maria Tetelpan [perhaps no longer extant] in Oaxaca, Mexico. It was written in council and confirms the property borders and rights of the indigenous peoples of the town. This is one of a number of codices known as the Techialoyan codices which record early eighteenth-century native Mexican land ownership history. Though not of the early Conquest era as is stated in the narrative (either 1525 or 1545), it is now considered to be not so much a forgery, as a fairly accurate statement of landholding probably compiled from pre-Columbian or early colonial pictorial documents and oral traditions and created in the period between circa 1700 and 1743. Time Period 1701-1750 References Robertson, D. "Techialoyan manuscripts," Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. XIV, 253-280 Provenance/Donor Acquired in 1941. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Flora and fauna Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Indians of Mexico

12. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-87 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 3a. Cerro de Chapultépec. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 89 Technique painting Image dimension height 13.6 cm. Image dimension width 19.4 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish, Nahuatl Description Hill of the grasshoppers. An emperor on a throne sits before the hill which is represented with a winding road and a spring. Military aspects include soldiers with war clubs and shields from three armies, feathered headdresses, and jaguar skin. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Huitziláihuitl (reigned 1395-1417), the Aztec emperor recognizable by his symbol of the hummingbird with white feathers, sits on his throne at right. Above him are four figures who represent the four primitive tribes of the Mexica. Three armies converge on the Mexica to annihilate them, the Tepanec of Azcapotzalco, the Chalco (who captured and killed Huitziláihuitl), and the Xochimilca. The chief of one army wears the jaguar skin of a warrior caste and carries a shield with the symbol of the Mitla (center of Zapotec ceremonies). Image placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 254 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

13. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-93 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 11a El q[ue] se arrojo por no yr contra su patria Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 107 Technique painting Image dimension height 13.2 cm. Image dimension width 19.3 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Shows an episode during the war against the Chalco. Moctezuma I is shown sitting onhis throne pointing at the scene. Below him a soldier in yellow dressed in the feathered headdress of the nobility is being taken prisoner by the soldiers of Chalco. At right a prisoner dances on a platform while beneath him another prisoner lies with arm and head severed. At the far right a lord of Chalco sitting on a throne watches the dance with two of his subjects. At top center is the glyph of a flowering cactus representing Tenochtitlan or Mexico City. Military aspects include war clubs and shields. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes The hero of this story is Ezhuahuacatl, cousin of Moctezuma, whose story is told in the Durán codex. Ezhuahuacatl was offered the chance to become the ruler of the Chalco, but instead danced on a pole and threw himself off of it to his death to save his people from being slaves of the Chalco. Image is placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 258; Durán, D. The Aztecs, p. 94-98 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

14. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-95 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 4a. El Tunal con el Aguila que hallaron en la laguna Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; verso leaf 91 Technique painting Image dimension height 18.1 cm. Image dimension width 13.3 Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Founding of Mexico City or Tenochtitlán. An eagle devours a bird while perched on a flowering cactus. The cactus grows from a rock in the middle of a lake. Footsteps of the Mexicans are shown approaching the base of the cactus. On the right is Tenoch (known from his glyph of a flowering cactus) who led the Aztecs to Tenochtitlán. On the left is Tochtzin, or Mexitzin (known from his glyph of a rabbit), from Calpan (known from the glyph of a house with a flag), Tenoch's co-ruler. The two rulers sit on basket-work thrones. At upper right is the symbol of Copil, son of Malinalxochitl, or five dots with crossed arrows, on a shield. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes The Aztecs, guided by the prophecies of Huitzilopochtli (the god of the sun and war), ended their migration by building Tenochtitlán, on an island in a lake where an eagle held a snake perched on a flowering nopal cactus. The cactus grew, according to their mythology, from the heart of Copil, son of Huitzilopochtli's sister, which had been flung onto the island. His symbol of five dots represents the Aztec belief that the world was a flat surface divided into five directions (north, south, east, west and the center where their capital was located). The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 240-241 References exhibitions Danforth, S. Encountering the New World, Fig. 20 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

15. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-100 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 16a. Motecuçuma 2o deste nombre. Ultimo Rey de los Mexicanos Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 117 Technique painting Image dimension height 13.1 cm. Image dimension width 17.4 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish, Nahuatl Description Moctezuma II, holding a spear or scepter and standing on a reed mat and next to a basket-work throne, wears a beard and an epaulette of quetzal feathers. Next to him is a crown. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Moctezuma II (reigned 1502-1520), the ninth Aztec emperor, whose surname was Xocoyotzin or bitter lord (or the youngest), was the son of Axayácatl and great grandson of Moctezuma I. He surrendered to the Spanish in 1520. The crown is a sign of Moctezuma's sovereignty. Image is placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 270 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

16. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-98 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 14. Axayacatzi[n] 8o Rey. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 113 Technique painting Image dimension height 12.9 cm. Image dimension width 17.7 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Nahuatl, Spanish Description Axayácatl, holding a spear or scepter and wearing a crown with gold ornaments, stands on a reed mat and next to a basket-work throne. Above him is a head with water flowing from it. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Axayácatl (reigned 1469-1481) was the sixth Aztec emperor and grandson of Moctezuma I and brother to Tizoc. His name meant face of water. Image is placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 265 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Kings and rulers--Mythology

17. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-101 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title El modo de baylar de los Mexicanos. 17a y última del primer tratado. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function fold-out plate; leaf [119] Technique painting Image dimension height 20.3 cm. Image dimension width 29.2 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 29.9 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Dance of native Americans or Mexicans. Two drummers at the center wear the feathered epaulette seen in the portraits of the two Moctezumas. To the right of the drummers are the high priest wearing a tilma with the sun and soldiers representing the jaguar and eagle military caste. Decorative elements include feathered ornaments. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Dance of the nobles, perhaps for the festival of Toxcatl which was held during the month dedicated to Tezcatlipoca, or the god of the night sky and memory. The drummers play the teponaxtli, or wooden drum, and the ueuetl, or drum with membrane. The nobles wear either the tilma or the more simple maxtlatl, or loincloth. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 273; Gruzinski, S. Painting the Conquest, p. 68-69 References exhibitions Danforth, S. Encourntering the New World, fig. 19 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Rites and ceremonies Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztec dance

18. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-104 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 3a Tezxatlipuca ydolo de la penitencia y su templo. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; verso leaf 124 Technique painting Image dimension height 18.1 cm. Image dimension width 12.8 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish, Nahuatl Description Tezcatlipoca seated on a basketwork throne in his temple. He holds a shield with the five directions of space and three arrows, as well as a spear. He wears a red cloak covered with skulls and bones and his hair contains white feathers. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Tezcatlipoca, or "Smoking Mirror," was an omnipresent and omnipotent god, the god of the night sky and memory. Here he carries the same shield as Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war. The volutes on his temple represent butterflies or fallen soldiers. White feathers were placed in the hair of sacrificial victims. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 281; Gruzinski, S. Painting the Conquest, p. 61-64 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Artifacts, industry, and human activities Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztec gods

19. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-85 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title figura 1a. Cuevas de los siete linajes que poblaron en México y alrededor dél. Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; leaf 85 Technique painting Image dimension height 12.9 cm. Image dimension width 19 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Chicomoztoc, or the seven caverns, with men and women. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes Chicomoztoc, which means "seven caves," the place from which the Aztec believed they came, was the Nahautl word for the mouth or womb. In the Aztec myth of creation, the Mexica left the bowels of the earth and settled in Aztlán, from which they acquired the name Aztec and from whence they undertook a migration southward in search of a sign for where they should settle once more. Image is placed horizontally on page. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This second section of the manuscript--an illustrated history of the Aztecs--is essentially the same as the Codex Ramírez and forms the main body of the manuscript. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 238-239 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztecs--Origin Subject headings Aztlán

20. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-113 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title 11. y ultima del 2o. tratado. Calendario Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function plate; recto leaf 142 Technique painting Image dimension height 19.3 cm. Image dimension width 13.6 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium watercolor Materials support paper Languages Spanish Description Aztec tonalpohualli calendar with a sun at the center of the wheel. Divided into four sections, the reed (acatl), the rabbit (tochtli), the house (calli), and the flint (tecpatl). Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes The Aztecs used two calendars to compute the days of the year. The first (or solar) calendar (xiuhpohualli) consisted of 365 days, divided into eighteen "months" of twenty units each, plus an additional period of five unlucky days at the end of the year. The second calendar was called the tonalpohualli or "day count." Its cycle was made up of 260 days, combinations of 13 numbers and twenty symbols. The acatl section of the calendar wheel is green, the color of the paradise of Tamoanchan (the Aztec equivalent of the Garden of Eden), and represents the east. The tochtli section is blue and represents the south. The calli section is in white (here the artist has used yellow) and represents the west. The tecpatl section is the color of sacrifice or red and represents the north. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This third section of the manuscript contains the Tovar calendar which records a continuous Mexican calendar with with months, weeks, days, dominical letters, and church festivals of a Christian 365-day year. Time Period 1492-1600 References Lafaye, J. Manuscript Tovar, p. 297; Durán, D. The Aztecs, p. 338 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztec calendar

21. ------------- Image1 ------------- Field Data Accession number 30289 Record number 30289-116 JCB call number Codex Ind 2 Image title Tlacaxipehualiztli Place image published [Mexico] Image date [ca. 1585] Image function illustration; recto leaf 147 Technique manuscript, painting Image dimension height 18.7 cm. Image dimension width 7.6 cm. Page dimension height 21 cm. Page dimension width 15.2 cm. Materials medium ink, watercolor Materials support paper Languages Nahuatl, Spanish Description The god, Xipe Tótec, or his impersonator, is shown wearing a tunic made of flayed human skin and with a protruding tongue. He wears a headdress with green feathers and sandals. In his left hand, he holds a rattle staff. In the right hand are two linked ears of maize or corn. Tied to the headband is a deer hoof. Hanging from his right earlobe is a bifurcated golden pendant. At his feet is a leaping goat or ram. Source creator Tovar, Juan de, ca. 1546-ca. 1626 Source Title Historia de la benida de los yndios apoblar a Mexico de las partes remotas de Occidente los sucessos y perigrinaçiones del camino su gouierno, ydolos y templos dellos, ritos y cirimonias... calandarios delos tiempos Source place of publication Mexico Source date ca. 1585 notes This month, identified as March with the astrological symbol of a ram or aries, commemorated the festival of flaying people and the month is represented by an image of Xipe Tótec, "our flayed lord." The rattle staff is one of the insignia of this god, as are the two linked ears of maize. The deer hoof is associated with the hunting rites of the god. The golden pendant, called teocuitlanacochtli, is closely associated with the god. The Tovar manuscript is divided into three sections. This third section of the manuscript contains the Tovar calendar which records a continuous Mexican calendar with months, weeks, days, dominical letters, and church festivals of a Christian 365-day year. Time Period 1492-1600 References Kubler, G. & Gibson, C. The Tovar Calendar, Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts & Sciences, vol. XI, p. 22-23 Provenance/Donor Acquired from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1946. Owner and copyright ©John Carter Brown Library, Box 1894, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 02912 Commentary Add a comment geographic area Spanish America Subject Area Indigenous peoples Subject headings Mexico--History--To 1519 Subject headings Indians of Mexico Subject headings Aztec calendar Subject headings Aztec gods