1. Chapter 9 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

2. Crustal Formation Figure 9.5

3. San Andreas Fault Figure 9.12

4. Elastic Rebound causes earthquakes when the rocks snap past each other This sets off a series of shock waves that travel through the crust and we measure that energy as an earthquake

5. 1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake $8 Billion in damage 14,000 people displaced 4,000 injured 67 killed

6. Route 880 Cypress Freeway collapsed in 15 seconds

7. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge experiences section failure

8. San Andreas Fault Figure 9.12

9. 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

10. Displacement produced during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

11. Damage caused by the 1964 Anchorage, Alaska earthquake

12. Liquefaction from the 1985 Mexico Earthquake

13. Volcanic Settings Figure 9.22

14. Shield and Composite Volcanoes Figure 9.30

15. Composite Volcano Figure 9.31

16. Kilauea Erupts from its East Rift Spatter Cone on Hawai’i

17. Flow from Kilauea in 2002

18. Lava being quenched by the sea

20. The Eruption of Mount St. Helens, 1980

21. Mount St. Helens is becoming active again

22. Long Valley Caldera seems to be coming active again after 730,000 years.

23. End of Chapter 9 Elemental Geosystems 4e Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen