1. Measuring Development ○ life expectancy at birth = avg number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels ■ 60+ in LDCs, 70+ in MDCs; gap is greater for females ■ result for MDCs - higher percentage of older people (retired, receive public support), lower percentage of children under 15 (also must be supported) (about same number of older and younger people) ■ LDCs - number of young people 6x higher than number of older people ○ infant mortality rate ■ LDCs - 94% of infants survive, MDCs - 99.5%+ of infants survive ■ reason - malnutrition, illness w/ lack of medicine, dehydration from diarrhea, poor medical practices b/c lack of education (fatal tetanus - India - unsterilized knives to cut umbilical cord) ○ natural increase rate ■ 1.5% annually in LDCs, les than.1% in MDCs ■ greater rate = strain on hospitals, schools, jobs, services -- results in expansion, not improvement ○ crude birth rate ■ LDCs - 24/1,000; MDCs - 11/1,000 ■ crude death rate does not indicate development - b/c diffusion of medical technology from MDCs, MDCs have higher percentage of older people

2. Can you imagine living in a country where 1 in 10 infants do not survive to celebrate their first birthday? What are the leading causes of infant mortality in today’s world? (malnutrition, illness w/ lack of medicine, dehydration from diarrhea, poor medical practices b/c lack of education - ex: fatal tetanus in India because unsterilized knives used to cut umbilical cords)

3. Measuring Development Social Indicators ●dependency ratio - number of dependents (young and old) that each 100 employed people must support)

4. Measuring Development Social Indicators ●education and literacy ○avg. # of school years attended (10 MDC, 2 LDC) ○student/teacher ratio (twice as high in LDC) ○literacy rate (98%+ in MDC, <60% LDC)

5. Why is female literacy rate so important in terms of development?

6. Measuring Development Social Indicators ●health and welfare ○expenditures on health care ○influenced by diet (calories, protein) ○health care as government service

7. Measuring Development ●health and welfare ○expenditures on health care ○influenced by diet (calories, protein) ○many MDCs - health care is a public service ■Europe - gov’t pays 70%+ of health care costs ■USA exception - closer to LDC in this measure (private individuals pay 55% of health care) ○protection of those who can’t work (sick, elderly, disabled, veterans, widows, single parents) - Norway, Denmark, Sweden give highest level

8. Measuring Development United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) Combination of factors: 1.per capita GDP (economic) 2.literacy rates (social) 3.school enrollment rates (social) 4.life expectancy at birth (demographic) Range: 0 - 1 Average:.65

9. Measuring Development United Nations Human Development Index (HDI)

10. Measuring Development United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) 2000 United Nations Millenium Declaration Goals by 2015: ●eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ●achieve universal primary education ●promote gender equality and empower women ●reduce child mortality ●improve maternal health ●combat HIV/AIDS ●ensure environmental sustainability ●develop a global partnership for development

11. How can LDCs develop? Models of Development What is the developed world? ●40 years ago - places populated with people of European ancestry; Japan ●Today - Distinction between MDC and LDC is blurred: ○oil-rich Middle East ○collapse of Soviet Union ○newly industrializing East Asia ●General North/South pattern still exists

13. How can LDCs develop? Models of Development History of ideas: Modernization (Rostow) Dependency (includes World Systems Theory) Neoliberal Counter-revolution Sustainable Development

14. How can LDCs develop? Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development ●1940s-1960s (post WWII, decolonization) ●classic “developed - developing - underdeveloped” ladder of development ●assumes that all countries follow a similar path (European) and learn from each other ●Identified 5 stages

15. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 1: Traditional Village in Lesotho. 86% of the resident workforce in Lesotho is engaged in subsistence agriculture.

16. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 1: Traditional Economysubsistence: ●output not traded or recorded ●barter system ●limited production ●>75% in primary sector Societyhierarchical Political Power regionally based in the hands of landowners Valuesresistant to change; focus on old traditions (U.S. before independence)

17. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 2 - Preconditions for Takeoff The use of some capital equipment can help increase productivity and generate small surpluses which can be traded.

18. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 2: Preconditions of takeoff Economy-- surplus of agriculture and capital -- expansion of trade and manufacturing -- necessity of external funding -- some growth in savings and investment Societybeginnings of a commercial class with some urbanization Political Power centralized national government Valuesrising spirit of progress and openness (U.S. - early 1800s)

19. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 3: Takeoff At this stage, industrial growth may be linked to primary industries. The level of technology required will be low. (image: diamond mine in Lesotho)

20. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 3: Takeoff Economy-- rapid expansion of industry --surge of technology --commercial agriculture --number employed in agriculture declines Society--increasingly dominant entrepreneurial class --some regional growth Political Power powerful groups encourage modernization Valuesincreased investment of capital for profit (U.S. - 1850s)

21. Models of Development Rostow’s Modernization Model / Stages of Development Stage 4: Drive to maturity As the economy matures, technology plays an increasing role in developing high value added products. (Image: Automotive plant using industrial robotics technology.)