1. Chapter 20 Part 2 Life Expectancy Medical Improvements Religion

2. Increased Life Expectancy in the 18 th Century European life spans increased from 25 to 45 years in the 18 th Century European life spans increased from 25 to 45 years in the 18 th Century Due to the disappearance of starvation and the plague Due to the disappearance of starvation and the plague More time spent by children on education and preparation for adulthood More time spent by children on education and preparation for adulthood

3. Public Health Improvements New Practices in sanitation New Practices in sanitation Mass vaccinations Mass vaccinations Better clothing Better clothing Better housing Better housing Adequate foods (and variety) Adequate foods (and variety)

4. Diets prior the the 18 th Century Grain was awesomely important Grain was awesomely important Dark bread made of rye and ground wheat Dark bread made of rye and ground wheat Most peasants ate two pounds of bread a day and washed it down with water, green beer, etc. Most peasants ate two pounds of bread a day and washed it down with water, green beer, etc. Grain was also added to soups and gruel Grain was also added to soups and gruel In Scotland, people ate oatmeal…often half- cooked so it would swell in the stomach and make the eater feel full In Scotland, people ate oatmeal…often half- cooked so it would swell in the stomach and make the eater feel full

5. Belief in a “just price” The medieval view that bread should be affordable even to the poor was overturned with free market capitalism and the corn laws The medieval view that bread should be affordable even to the poor was overturned with free market capitalism and the corn laws Many poor had to resort to eating vegetables! Many poor had to resort to eating vegetables! They believed that vegetables, especially raw, was fit food for livestock only! They believed that vegetables, especially raw, was fit food for livestock only!

6. Milk was rarely drunk Many held the belief that milk caused sore eyes and headaches for all but the very young and the very old Many held the belief that milk caused sore eyes and headaches for all but the very young and the very old Most milk was used to make cheese and butter (which the poor could rarely afford) Most milk was used to make cheese and butter (which the poor could rarely afford) They did drink whey…the leftover liquid after milk was churned…watery They did drink whey…the leftover liquid after milk was churned…watery

7. During the 18 th Century Diets improved radically Diets improved radically Poor people’s diets usually consisted of grains and vegetables Poor people’s diets usually consisted of grains and vegetables The potato improved the diets of the poor (vitamins A and C) (lack of C =Scurvy) The potato improved the diets of the poor (vitamins A and C) (lack of C =Scurvy) Average Irish male ate 8-10 lbs a day) Average Irish male ate 8-10 lbs a day) The potato kept poor populations alive The potato kept poor populations alive Greater variety of veggies available in towns and cities Greater variety of veggies available in towns and cities

8. The Upper Classes Consumed more meat, fish, alcohol, white bread Consumed more meat, fish, alcohol, white bread Less fruit and vegetables Less fruit and vegetables Often greater affluence meant poorer nutrition (sugar, white bread, meat) Often greater affluence meant poorer nutrition (sugar, white bread, meat) Northern Europeans ate better than those in Mediterranean and South Northern Europeans ate better than those in Mediterranean and South The English ate the best of all The English ate the best of all

9. Medical Improvements The biggest improvement was the smallpox vaccine The biggest improvement was the smallpox vaccine In the 17 th century 25% of deaths in England was due to smallpox In the 17 th century 25% of deaths in England was due to smallpox Smallpox killed 60 million in the 18 th century Smallpox killed 60 million in the 18 th century Was contracted by 80% of Europeans…many scarred for life Was contracted by 80% of Europeans…many scarred for life

10. Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Introduced the vaccine for smallpox Introduced the vaccine for smallpox Thus created the foundation for the science of immunology Thus created the foundation for the science of immunology He discovered that inoculating people with cowpox would control the onset of small pox He discovered that inoculating people with cowpox would control the onset of small pox

11. Late 18 th Century Humanitarianism Influenced Hospital reform Influenced Hospital reform Belief that disease was caused by “bad air” Belief that disease was caused by “bad air” Ventilation was improved Ventilation was improved Filth was cleaned up Filth was cleaned up The spread of infection was reduced The spread of infection was reduced The first humane mental hospital 1790 in England The first humane mental hospital 1790 in England

12. In the 18 th Century An increase in the number of medical practitioners An increase in the number of medical practitioners When breakthroughs occurred, word spread rapidly When breakthroughs occurred, word spread rapidly Many different medical practitioners: faith healers, apothecaries (pharmacists), physicians, surgeons, midwives Many different medical practitioners: faith healers, apothecaries (pharmacists), physicians, surgeons, midwives Women were denied admission to medical colleges and were denied certificates and diplomas so were generally limited to midwifery and faith healing Women were denied admission to medical colleges and were denied certificates and diplomas so were generally limited to midwifery and faith healing

13. Faith Healers Believed in demons and evil spirits as causes of ailments Believed in demons and evil spirits as causes of ailments Believed that spells and exorcisms were needed Believed that spells and exorcisms were needed This belief persisted longer in the countryside This belief persisted longer in the countryside Faith in the healing powers of prayer, religious relics and the laying on of hands Faith in the healing powers of prayer, religious relics and the laying on of hands Was often effective when used for mental disorders Was often effective when used for mental disorders

14. Apothecaries More often in towns and cities More often in towns and cities Sold and used herbs, drugs, and medicines for a variety of medical complaints Sold and used herbs, drugs, and medicines for a variety of medical complaints Often medicines were complex and expensive Often medicines were complex and expensive Sometimes they worked Sometimes they worked

15. Physicians Trained for years Trained for years Education was expensive Education was expensive Tended to come from wealthy families and liked to continue their lifestyle Tended to come from wealthy families and liked to continue their lifestyle Usually treated urban, wealthy patients Usually treated urban, wealthy patients Had little contact with peasants and urban workers Had little contact with peasants and urban workers

16. Physicians By the late 18 th century Physicians began to experiment with new methods and techniques BUT By the late 18 th century Physicians began to experiment with new methods and techniques BUT Stuck close to “traditional medicine”: Bloodletting and purging Stuck close to “traditional medicine”: Bloodletting and purging Belief that illness was caused by bad blood Belief that illness was caused by bad blood

17. Surgeons Made more progress than physicians Made more progress than physicians More serious study of the anatomy More serious study of the anatomy More practice treating the wounded on the battlefield (learned to save patients with serious wounds and breaks by amputation and cauterizing the wound) More practice treating the wounded on the battlefield (learned to save patients with serious wounds and breaks by amputation and cauterizing the wound) BUT no pain killers and no germ theory so infections were a problem BUT no pain killers and no germ theory so infections were a problem

18. Midwives Delivered the majority of the babies throughout the time period in Europe Delivered the majority of the babies throughout the time period in Europe In spite of being persecuted during the witch hunts In spite of being persecuted during the witch hunts Most were older, widowed, experienced Most were older, widowed, experienced Often apprenticed with an older woman Often apprenticed with an older woman Treated other “women’s conditions” Treated other “women’s conditions” Also were willing to treat children Also were willing to treat children

19. Medical equipment Like the forceps were available only to men Like the forceps were available only to men Surgeons were able to convince many women to leave their midwives an have “modern” birthing experiences (it was a lucrative business)] Surgeons were able to convince many women to leave their midwives an have “modern” birthing experiences (it was a lucrative business)] Midwives were edged out Midwives were edged out EVENTUALLY, but not yet, professional training and certification for midwives became available EVENTUALLY, but not yet, professional training and certification for midwives became available

20. Prior to the end of the 18 th Century Hospitals were terrible places Hospitals were terrible places Nurses were old, ignorant, greedy, drunk Nurses were old, ignorant, greedy, drunk Infection spread rapidly…vomit and other human waste littered rooms and halls and not cleaned up Infection spread rapidly…vomit and other human waste littered rooms and halls and not cleaned up Surgeries performed in patient’s beds Surgeries performed in patient’s beds Infection spread rapidly Infection spread rapidly

21. Hospitals The poor in Paris believed that hospitals were the result of a plot to kill paupers The poor in Paris believed that hospitals were the result of a plot to kill paupers Mental hospitals were just as bad Mental hospitals were just as bad Treatment for mentally ill was bleeding, cold water Treatment for mentally ill was bleeding, cold water Violent patients were chained to walls Violent patients were chained to walls

22. 18 th century beliefs Moonlight was the cause of madness = Lunatic Moonlight was the cause of madness = Lunatic Masturbation caused: madness, acne, epilepsy and more (read your textbook!) Masturbation caused: madness, acne, epilepsy and more (read your textbook!)

23. Religion German Pietism and Methodism were reactions against the rational religions of the Enlightenment and posed a challenge to traditional established churches German Pietism and Methodism were reactions against the rational religions of the Enlightenment and posed a challenge to traditional established churches German Pietism inspired a Protestant revivalism German Pietism inspired a Protestant revivalism Like Romanticism, it emphasized emotion Like Romanticism, it emphasized emotion German Pietism also emphasized a personal relationship with God German Pietism also emphasized a personal relationship with God

24. German Pietism Stressed Luther’s old belief in a priesthood of all believers Stressed Luther’s old belief in a priesthood of all believers Bible reading and Bible study for all classes were stressed. Bible reading and Bible study for all classes were stressed. They believed in the practical power of Christian rebirth in day-to-day affairs They believed in the practical power of Christian rebirth in day-to-day affairs “Reborn” Christians were expected to live virtuous lives and come from all sectors of society “Reborn” Christians were expected to live virtuous lives and come from all sectors of society

25. John Wesley and Methodism Wesley was influenced by German Pietism Wesley was influenced by German Pietism Rejected Calvinist belief in predestination Rejected Calvinist belief in predestination Preached to large crowds in the countryside, open fields Preached to large crowds in the countryside, open fields Charismatic, emotional, popular with the poor Charismatic, emotional, popular with the poor Preached that all who sought salvation could be saved Preached that all who sought salvation could be saved Message: Hope, free will, universal salvation Message: Hope, free will, universal salvation

26. The Jesuits Were gone by 1773 Were gone by 1773 Most secular authorities thought that the Jesuits had amassed too much power for themselves Most secular authorities thought that the Jesuits had amassed too much power for themselves Maria Theresa limited their power Maria Theresa limited their power Joseph II abolished them in Austria Joseph II abolished them in Austria The Pope was pressured to dissolve the order The Pope was pressured to dissolve the order BUT they will be back! BUT they will be back!