1. CPT What determines the location of cities, towns, and villages? http://www.yck2.edu.hk/onlinestudy/form6/ychui02.pdf http://www.geographictravels.com/2010/09/central-place-theory-and-its-dark.html http://faculty.washington.edu/jwh/207lec15.htm http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/geography/urban-profiles/revise-it/central-place-and-bid-rent-theories TRANSPORTATION ROUTES, especially naturally provided rights-of-way like rivers and ocean harbors, reinforced by expensive human-produced rights-of-way like major rail routes SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS, such as mining or natural-resource oriented manufacturing, that need to be in a particular place and that employ people who in turn need services RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER SETTLEMENTS, since two very large cities are not likely to survive very close together.

2. Why is this? Why is there a tendency for large cities to be separated by smaller cities, and smaller cities to be separated by towns and villages? In addition to port and manufacturing functions, most settlements serve as central places: places where goods and services are exchanged (for money), usually attracting local residents to staff the markets and provide services. They provide these market and service functions for a surrounding area, called a hinterland. – Think about the agricultural region whose land prices are determined by the distance to the market center (see bid rent at the end of this presentation). This way of looking at the world would expect a set of settlements of about the same size, each serving as a central place for an agricultural hinterland. The fact that some settlements also have port, transport, and manufacturing functions will make some places larger than others.

3. Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements. The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany. In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant. By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes.

4. Assumptions: All areas have: an isotropic (all flat) surface an evenly distributed population evenly distributed resources similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance no excess profits (Perfect competition)

5. Threshold and Range You need to understand these two concepts to understand CPT threshold- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services range- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services – Low order goods and services: G/S people are only willing to travel a short distance for – Hi order G/S: G/S people are only willing to travel a long distances for Name types of low and high order G/S

6. Hierarchy of Places high-order central places, contain a full range of goods and services, and serve large hinterlands. Some points in such a large hinterland are too far from the central place for it to be their source of low-order goods: the range of those goods is not large enough for many people to travel a long distance to consume them low-order central places, provide relatively few goods and services, and serve small hinterlands. Their hinterlands will also be the hinterlands for some high- order central place, from which residents will obtain high-order goods and services

7. Why a Hexagonal Shape? If transportation costs were exactly the same, then a basic distance-decay model would use circles. However circles would leave areas that are unserved (see below). Hexagonals allow all areas to be served. unserved areas

8. A-level center B-level center C-level center The different orders of settlements arrange themselves in a hierarchy. Generally speaking; the lower the order, larger is the number of settlements and higher the order, greater is the area served. The A-level centers would provide the highest order goods and services and the C-level centers would provide lower order goods and services. The Marketing Principle This is a k-3 model: More on this later

9. Goods and Services in space A-level centers exist because – because any individual household purchases the goods or service not very often (furniture, tax assistance, automobiles) – because most individuals don’t purchase the goods or service, so a provider has to be surrounded by a lot of people in order to gain a viable set of purchasers (professional sports, tax lawyers, motorboats) B-level centers: mixture of A and B – How have Edge Cities changed spatial locations of particular G/S? Why? Can you give examples? C-level centers: for a small, localized market (grocery stores, barber shops, gas stations)

10. According to the traffic principle, the lower order centers are located at the midpoint of each side of the hexagon rather than at the corner. Thus the transport principle produces a hierarchy organized in a k=4 arrangement in which central places are nested according to the rule of four. The Transportation Principle Number of central places dominated by a higher order center (k=3 ) Number of market areas dominated by a higher order center (k=4 )

11. Christaller’s other suggested organizing principle was based upon the realization that from a political or administrative viewpoint centers it was unrealistic for centers to be ‘shared’. Christaller suggested that an arrangement whereby lower order centers were entirely with the hexagon of the higher order center would obviate such problems. All the six lower order centers are fully subordinate to the higher order center which, therefore, dominates the equivalent of seven market areas at the next lowest level. The Administrative Principle

12. There are 3 times as many central places of one order as there are central places of the next higher order; which is to say that the hinterlands of one order of central place is three times the size of the hinterlands of the next- higher-order place. k = 3 hierarchy (Market)

13. k = 4 hierarchy (transportation) Recognizing the utility or likelihood that the lower-order central places will actually thrive along the transport routes that link higher-order places, a more realistic pattern is to arrange the lower-order centers in this way. This yields 4 times as many central places of one order as there are central places of the next higher order.

14. k = 7 hierarchy (administrative) As stated before, administrative functions do not work like market and transportation forces. The lower sized cities would be subordinate to the larger central city (like in federalism).

15. So does it work? does a reasonably good job of describing the spatial pattern of urbanization no other economic theory explains why there is a hierarchy of urban centers but large areas of flat land are rare, with the presence of relief barriers channelling transport in certain directions government intervention can dictate the location of industry perfect competition is unreal with some firms making more money than others economic man, which knows the best deals and will only shop at the closest market, does not exist

16. Christaller was even given a chance to try out his theory during the Nazi occupation of Poland during WW2.

17. Associated Principle Bid Rent (more detail will be given in agriculture unit) Bid Rent is used to determine the best use of a location. This is a gravity model. Notice that as you leave the city center (CBD) land value decreases: What types of land use would overweigh this principle? What infrastructure would change this pattern?

18. Review On what type of process does CPT base itself? Give the assumptions made to make this model work. Describe the pattern of urban hierarchy in CPT. What are the three models proposed in CPT? How and why are they different? Explain how threshold and range impact the spatial arrangement in CPT. Which type of American city model best expresses CPT?

19. Review On what type of process does CPT base itself? distance-decay Give the assumptions made to make this model work. Flat land, economic man, similar purchasing power/transportation costs, equal distribution of population/resources Describe the pattern of urban hierarchy in CPT. hexagonal shapes, larger cities in the middle, smaller cities at intersections, size and number of cities proportional What are the three models proposed in CPT? How and why are they different? market (k=3), transportation (k=4), administrative (k=7), to the difference in functions Explain how threshold and range impact the spatial arrangement in CPT. the higher order G/S more likely to be in larger (A-level) city, low order G/S found everywhere Which type of American city model best expresses CPT? Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)