1. The Sugar Commodity Chain By: Staliedaniel Uele, Andrew Waddell, and Nura Yekan

3. Impact?

4. Sugar Plantation in Hawaii Ecological Effects Social Effects

5. Sugar and Ethanol Industry in Brazil “The most important incentive for ethanol production derived from the Proálcool Programme which was set up by the military government in 1975 in order to reduce the countries reliance on imported fuels “

6. Brazil Dominates the World Sugar Market With a total sugar cane production area of 8.92 million hectares, Brazil is able to dedicate almost half of the harvested cane to sugar production, which makes Brazil the biggest sugar producer worldwide. Brazil’s sugar production accounted to 31.85 million tons in the harvest season of 2008/2009

8. Sugar to ethanol Sugar and ethanol production are growing simultaneously. Ethanol is being promoted as an alternative to oil. It is commercially viable, cleaner fuel. Ethanol promotion is primarily driven by Brazil which happens to be the – Largest consumer of ethanol. Brazil produces ethanol directly from the sugarcane. – Almost 60% of Brazilian cane crop is diverted to production of ethanol

9. Works Cited Consoli, M.A., Neves, M.F, & Trombin, V.G. (2010). Measure of sugar cane chain in brazil. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 13(3) Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Bureau of Rural Sciences. (2006). Towards a sustainable sugar supply chain Canberra, Australia: Retrieved from www.srdc.gov.au/pages.aspx?id=35 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, (2005). Sugar products. analysis of the determinants of prices and costs in product value chains Retrieved from www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/../sugar_products.pdf Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2009). Faostat. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Gauder, M, Graeff-Honningera, S., & Claupena, W. The Impact of a Growing Bio-Ethanol Industry on Food Production in Brazil. (2011). Applied Energy Volume 88, Issue 3, pg 672-679 Hau’ofa, Epeli. (2008).We are the Ocean: Selected Works. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, Hollander, GM. (2008). Raising cane in the 'glades: the global sugar trade and the transformaton of florida. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, Ltd. Jacobs, J. USDA, Rural Development. (2006). Ethanol from sugar: what are the prospects for u.s. sugar co-ops? Retrieved from http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/pub/sep06/ethanol.htm Kulkarni, D.P. (n.d.). Cane sugar manufacture in india (PDF), Retrieved from http://www.sugarresearch.library.qut.edu.au/108/1/Cane_Sugar_Manufacture_in_India.pdf Lynch, D.J. (2006, March 29). Brazil hopes to build on its ethanol success. USA Today, Philippine sugar and environment. (1997). Unpublished manuscript, School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC, Retrieved from http://www1.american.edu/TED/philsug.htm Process description. (2000). Retrieved from http://www.imperialbioresources.com/process/Description.htm Schmitz, A., & Christian, D. (1993). The economics and politics of u.s. sugar policy. In R. S. (Ed.), The Economics and Politics of World Sugar Policies (pp. 49-78). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press. Spickard et al. (2002). Pacific Diaspora: Island People’s in the United States and Across the Pacific. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, Types of sugar. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sugar.org/sugar-basics/types-of-sugar.html Zuurbier, P, & van de Vooren, J. (2008). Introduction to sugarcane ethanol contributions to cimate change mitigation and the environment. In P Zuurbier (Ed.), Sugarcane Ethanol (pp. 19-26). The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.