1. -March 1933. Dr Josef Goebbels appointed Reich Minster of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Head of the Reich Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda. -September 1933 – Reich Chamber of Culture created. -BUT – he did not have full control. E.G. Hitler appointed Leni Riefenstahl to make the Triumph of the Will (1935). -Censorship important too – April 1935 – Reich Chamber of Literature. -Propaganda not just used to convince people of the legality of the regime but was also used as a weapon of war. -Hitler important too – ‘Propaganda, propaganda, all that matters is propaganda’. -Dramatic images and giant lettering. -Focus after March 1933 of enforcing conformity and winning over Germans to the cause of creating a national community and New Germany. -Glorified the Fuhrer, desensitised attitudes towards the Jews by using stereotyped, dehumanised images. -Used to raise morale during the war: ‘Adolf Hitler is Victory!’ in 1943.

2. - Less easy to exploit. – only 2.5% of sales were for Nazi papers in 1932. - Editors Law of October 1933 – Jewish, Communist and socialist journalists dismissed. - Also put restrictions on what editors could publish. - Association of German Publishers (VDZV) was purged of non-Nazis and Max Amman (the head of Eher Verlag – the Nazi publishing house) was appointed its chair. - April 1935 – Amman gained the power to close non-Nazi publications. - December 1933 – state press agency – DNB – set up to monitor news material and gave daily press briefings. - Goebbels allowed some Liberal papers like Frankfurter Zeitung and Berliner Tageblatt to continue to avoid scepticism at home and abroad. - BUT overt propaganda was put across in the Volkischer Beobachter, Der Sturmer, Der Angriff and DerReich. - Central role of the press to reinforce the prejudices of believers rather than to convert. - New technology quickly harnessed. -4.5m out of 20m households possessed a radio (largest radio audience in Europe). By 1942, 16m Germans could be broadcast to. - People’s Radio – 35 Reichsmarks. - Broadcasts had the twin advantage of commanding authority and creating a fire-side intimacy. - 50 broadcasts for 1933 in time of flux. - Communal usage in factories, schools, offices and shops.

3. -Loud-speaker pillars erected in public places. - Used to sustain morale in World War Two (talk of ‘miracle weapons’ and ‘deals with the West’ did much to improve resistance in the last days of the war’) -Goebbels again realised that a degree of honesty was important at times (e.g. After Stalingrad in January 1943). - Cinema – ideal for the Nazis to propagate their ideology. Excitement and spectacle. - Weimar Germany had seen the growth of the film industry and the Nazis used the UFA film company to their advantage. - Goebbels was a cinema enthusiast but... - Leni Riefenstahl produced some of the most powerful propaganda films: e.g. Olympia in 1938. - JG understood that in the wake of the Depression, film was important in creating a ‘feel good’ factor. So, pre 1939, most films were light entertainment. - Film also played an important role in dehumanising the Jew (Eternal Jew and Jud Suss – 1940). - Also good at generating nationalism and militarism with stories of heroism and sacrifice (e.g. Koberg – 1945)

4. -Torch light parade through the Brandenburg Gate on 30 January 1933. -Reichstag Fire used to clamp down on communists. -Potsdam Day – 21 March 1933. Potsdam was the HQ of the German Army and the seat of the Hohenzollern dynasty. - Book burning – May 1933. -Olympic Games – 1936. Anti-Semitic programme suspended to give Germany an air of respectability. - JG’s ‘Total War’ speech in the Berlin Sportpalast, to rally Germans after the defeat at Stalingrad. - ‘perhaps his greatest propagandist achievement’. -Holy Days were transplanted by a series of festival or celebration days: E.G. Seizure of Power, National Day of Labour and Anniversary of the Munich Putsch. - Marginalised Christianity and softened the appearance of the regime. -Strength Through Joy and Beauty of Labour aimed at workers. -Winterhelp organised charity help for the needy. -Occasional ‘Days of National Solidarity’ where leading members of the party would collect money on behalf of the party. -All of this aimed to give people a positive or, at least, uncritical reaction to the dictatorship.

5. -Jewish and Left wing teachers dismissed. -New syllabus. -Special elite schools – Adolf Hitler schools, Napolas and Ordensburgen. -Propaganda deliberately tried to appeal to the energy and anti-authoritarian spirit of youth by using colourful portrayals of glory and conquest. -Balder von Schirach appointed Youth Leader of the Riech. -Boys were to be fearless soldiers. Girls were to be prolific mothers. - German Young People, 10-14 and Hitler Youth, 14-16. -League of Young Girls, 10-14 and League of German Girls, 14 upwards. -Compulsory from 1936 and an oath to Hitler had to be sworn from 1939. - Culture should not be for its own sake but should be an expression of national will. - Jewish composers were banned (e.g. Mendelssohn). As was jazz. -Beethoven, Brahms and Wagner were favoured. There was an annual Wagner festival at Bayreuth which continued into wartime. - Modern art was rejected as decadent, -Art should be simple, crude and accessible to ordinary Germans – it often featured Hitler and was featured as a god-like figure. -The Nazis opened a House of German Art in 1937 in Munich to encourage interest and this stayed open throughout the year. -An exhibition of ‘degenerate’ art was also opened in the same year and was embarrassingly popular.

6. -Architecture was to be the symbol of Nazi power. -Hitler’s favourite architects were Paul Ludwig Troost and Albert Speer. -There were extensive construction programmes involving the building of administrative buildings, social building and bridges. Often adorned by muscled figures or Aryan heroes. -Olympic Stadium in Berlin reflected Speer’s brutish, menacing and monumental style. - For public housing, the Nazis favoured thatched roofs, wooden balconies and rustic beams in keeping with their promotion of their volkisch blood and soil ideal. -Autobahn used as a propaganda weapon too. - Depends on the issue, audience and the year. - Four advantages for the regime: 1. Goebbels. 2. Monopoly. 3. Law abiding and deferential population. 4. Stirred fears and reinforced prejudices. -Projected the image of a legal seizure of power; Strength Through Joy impressed some workers; young people were impressed by the excitement, adventure and dynamism projected; anti-Semitic propaganda gradually eroded sensibilities; the cult of the Fuhrer was created and Hitler was used sparingly to preserve his god-like mystique.

7. - Propaganda was, in part, responsible for ensuring that the majority in German society followed the regime unquestioningly. - Many still had faith in the Fuhrer even when Germany was close to losing World War Two. BUT - Berliners (not from a traditional area of Nazi support) remained unmoved. - Large sections of the working classes had become bored by the flood of propaganda by 1938. -On moral issues, the Nazis had failed to overcome the Christian values and basic decency of most Germans. - The central issues of war, expansionism and racial persecution were not popular with the majority. -Anchluss, Kristallnacht, and failure in the war were all unpopular. -David Welsh – ‘the history of Nazi propaganda during the war is one of declining effectiveness’. OVERALL - Highly prevalent in Nazi society. -Only able to convince Germans of what they wanted to believe. -Could not uproot traditional loyalties or win converts to the cause. - However, promoting the Fuhrer principle was quite successful.