1. CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY IN THE ARCTIC THE CASES OF GREENLAND, NUNAVUT AND THE ICC Dr. Natalia Loukacheva n.loukacheva@utoronto.ca

2. OBJECTIVE Explore climate change policies Analyze the legal-institutional axis Examine dimensions, resilience and effectiveness of governmental and non- governmental institutions Identify capacities of multi-level governance systems Present an overview of the ICC climate change policy and its nexus with Greenlandic and Nunavut approaches

3. Climate change policy in Nunavut Criticism Dimensions-mitigation/adaptation Steps Institutions involved Conclusion

4. STEPS: Government of Nunavut (GN) September 2002 - support for the Kyoto Accord July 2003 - adoption of Nunavut Climate Change Policy October 2003 – MOU for Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change December 2004 – present involvement in the Northern Strategy 2004 – Pinasuaqtavut 2004-2009 emphasis on environmental issues April 2005 – roundtable on how climate change issues should be included in the Northern Strategy 2003-2006 – development of various government strategies related to climate change matters

5. Nunavut Climate Change Strategy Focus on: mitigation and adaptation Encouraging Action Promoting Technology Development and Innovation Enhancing Awareness and Understanding Government Leading by Example Investing in Knowledge and Building a Foundation

6. MOU 2003-2008 priorities Nunavut and Government of Canada agreed to: Reduction and prevention of greenhouse gas emissions via energy efficiency, management, conservation, development of alternative and renewable energy Promotion of technologies, creation jobs, and opportunities for cost-effective economic development Monitoring, reporting, review mechanisms for emissions reductions Increase public awareness, education, knowledge of the impact of climate change Development of measures to adaptation

7. Pinasuaqtavut 2004 and Roundtable on Northern Strategy 2005 Pinasuaqtavut 2004-2009: Higher regard on environmental issues Implementation of the Nunavut Climate Change Strategy Conservation, reduction of energy usage, alternative sources to diesel fuel for electricity generation Roundtable 2005 Devolution Implementation of the NLCA Turning of scientific knowledge into action Better partnership with various stakeholders Focus on specific government policies, mitigation- adaptation

8. Institutions Institutions of public governance: Government of Nunavut NLCA bodies (e.g. Co-management Boards) Land Claim Organizations: Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI) 3 Regional Inuit Associations

9. Adaptation Strategies in Nunavut Institutional adaptation Legislative Adaptation Technological Strategy Behavioral Strategy Community-based approach vs. scientific and government mandates

10. Department of Environment and Wildlife Promotion of environmental stewardship – avatimik kamattiarniq Implementation of the Nunavut Climate Change Strategy Establishment in Nunavut of Canada-Climate Change Impacts Adaptation Research Network- North Completed project on Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) of climate change across Nunavut Consideration of community-based approach

11. Mitigation Department of Economic Development and Transportation: initiatives on alternative energy sources Alternative Sources of Power: Wind Hydro Thermal-electric generation Nuclear Solar (the Diversitel power supply system)

12. Co-management Boards and NTI Co-management Boards Problem with institutional capability Problem with implementation of the NLCA Cooperation with various institutions Problem with financial resources NTI Pro-active approach (workshops, resolution etc.) Actions against Federal Government for non- implementation of Art. 12.7.6 of the NLCA (Environmental Monitoring ) Documents related to climate change: e.g. 2005 Study on Climate Change terminology together with the Government of Nunavut Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth; Uranium policy 2006 etc.

13. Conclusion Role of Nunavut institutions and their capacity Approach Challenges Problems Connection of climate change policy with other governmental policies Decision-making ability Recommendations for further action

14. Climate change policy in Greenland “Climate change is a “hot” issue in Greenland. We observe many changes to our environment that affect out traditional way of life.” Premier H.E. Hans Enoksen, Ilulissat August 16, 2005. Greenland is becoming green!

15. Mitigation - Adaptation Research and investments in technologies Institutional support Targets and timetables to cut greenhouse gas emissions Dealing with positive and negatives impacts of climate change Raising awareness

16. Dimensions Ratified and signed the Kyoto Accord together with the Danish Government Support an amendment to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change acknowledging the Arctic’s vulnerability to climate change Pro-active in international efforts to protect environment (e.g. the Arctic Council, the Nordic Council etc.) The HRG signed with the USA and Government of Denmark a Joint Declaration on Cooperation and Environment (2004).

17. Alternative energy sources Solar Wind Hydrogen production 1.From glaciers 2.By using the excess energy from the hydropower plant in Kangerluarsunnguaq/Buksefjorden Conclusion on Greenland’s policy

18. The ICC’s climate change policy and its nexus with Greenland and Nunavut NGO vs. GOs and land claim organizations Trans-Arctic NGO vs. sub-national governments of units, belonging to the two Arctic States The ICC mandate vs. the GN, the GHRG mandates Similarities, differences, conflict areas, overlap, and nature of cooperation Resilience, the scope and level of contribution, effectiveness of climate change policy measures

19. Conclusion Dimensions Approach Priorities Institutional efficiency Recommendations