1. Cells

2. Light Microscopes Lenses bend light, magnifying and focusing the image. Simple Microscope: has one lens Example: magnifying glass Compound Microscope: has more than one lens Example: modern microscope can magnify 400X Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

3. Microscopes

4. Electron microscopes Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to create the image. The beam of electrons is focused by a magnetic field. Magnification is up to one million times and the specimen is usually dead.

5. Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) -electron beams pass through the specimen -gives a cross section view Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -electron beam scans surface -gives a picture of the outside

6. Types of Microscopy Light Microscopy Human Cheek Cell Electron Microscopy Plant Root Cell

7. Scanning Electron Microscopy White Blood Cell With fluorescent dyes.

8. SEM Nerve Cell

9. SEM Skin Cell

10. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ cells/scale/ http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig_js.htm

11. Cell Size 0.2 micrometers Mycoplasma bacteria 10 centimeters Ostrich Egg 5-50 micrometers Average

12. Cells are either simple prokaryotes or complex eukaryotes.

13. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? ProkaryoteEukaryote Small Simple No nucleus, no organelles Large Complex internal structures (organelles) Nucleus

14. Who is a prokaryote? BACTERIA Who is a eukaryote? Protists Fungi Plants Animals (humans too!)

15. Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant CellAnimal Cell

16. Protozoa Cell (paramecium)

18. The Discovery of the Microscope Lead To the Discovery of Cells History *Anton von Leewenhoek discovered the microscope *Robert Hooke discovered cells and named them

19. Further Discoveries: plants Matthias Schleiden- All plants are made of cells. animals Theodor Schwann- All animals are made of cells. existing cells Rudolf Virchow- All cells come from existing cells.

20. Cell Theory cells 1)All living things are made up of cells. structurefunction 2)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. existing 3) New cells are produced from existing cells.

21. Structures Found in All Cells Cell membraneGenetic material CytoplasmRibosomes

22. Cell Membrane Made of phospholipids and proteins. Functions : 1. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. selectively permeable 2. Support 3. Protection

23. Phospholipid Attracted To Water Repelled By Water

24. Phospholipid Bilayer Phosphate “heads” are attracted to water (hydrophilic). They are oriented to the OUTSIDE of the cell membrane bilayer. Fatty acid “tails” are repelled by water (hydrophobic). They move to the INSIDE of the cell membrane bilayer.

25. Cell membrane: -all cells have this structure -made of lipid bilayer -embedded proteins (act as channels & pumps)

26. The Fluid Mosaic Model Various macromolecules “float” in the lipid bilayer forming a “mosaic”.

27. Cytoplasm Found in all cells. Clear, thick watery material. Provides support for the cell contents. cytoplasm

28. Ribosomes a.Function: make proteins b.Structure: composed of protein and rRNA c.Found in 2 places in the cell -in the cytoplasm -rough ER.

29. Surrounds the cell membrane

30. Nucleus (found only in eukaryotic cells) Functions: 1.Cell control 2.Stores genetic material -nuclear envelope -genetic material -nucleolus

32. Mitochondria Function : Breaks down sugar to release energy (ATP) Structure: Two membranes. The inner membrane is folded. Interesting Facts: The mitochondria has its own chromosome.

33. Chloroplast Function: Photosynthesis, converts energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar) Structure: two outer membranes thylakoids Interesting Fact: The chloroplast has its own chromosome.

34. Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: site of protein and lipid synthesis Structure: made of folded membranes, network of tubes Smooth ER (SER): NO ribosomes, makes lipids Rough ER (RER): ribosomes, makes proteins

35. Golgi Apparatus Function: -processes and packages proteins and lipid made in the ER -sends them to their proper location Structure: stacks of membrane sacs

36. Vacuoles Function: Store food, water and wastes Structure: Fluid filled membrane sacs Animal Cell Many small vacuoles Plant Cell One large vacuole

37. Lysosomes Found only in animal cells. Function: Break down food and old cell parts Structure: Small, round membrane sacs with digestive enzymes.

38. How did the first eukaryotes evolve? Or Where did organelles come from?

39. Eukaryotic Cells evolved from a combination of different prokaryotic cells.

40. The Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiosis – One organism engulfs another but does not digest it. Instead, they work together. MitochondriaMitochondria, chloroplasts originated through endosymbiosis.chloroplasts These organelles started as free-living bacteria that were taken inside another prokaryotic cell.bacteria Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria.proteobacteria cyanobacteria

41. Eukaryotic cells evolved from a combination of different prokaryotic cells.

42. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/ animation_-_endosymbiosis.htmlhighered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/ animation

43. Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory 1) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. 2) These organelles have two outer membranes. 3) These organelles are the same size as the prokaryotes from which they originated.

44. Path Of A New Protein Inside the Cell