1. Printing: This poster is 48” wide by 36” high. It’s designed to be printed on a large-format printer. Customizing the Content: The placeholders in this poster are formatted for you. Type in the placeholders to add text, or click an icon to add a table, chart, SmartArt graphic, picture or multimedia file. To add or remove bullet points from text, just click the Bullets button on the Home tab. If you need more placeholders for titles, content or body text, just make a copy of what you need and drag it into place. PowerPoint’s Smart Guides will help you align it with everything else. Want to use your own pictures instead of ours? No problem! Just right-click a picture and choose Change Picture. Maintain the proportion of pictures as you resize by dragging a corner. The Effects of Biological Sex, Religiosity, and Past Experiences with Cheating on Perceptions of Infidelity Kimberlee J. Staats & Alexander Nagurney University of Hawai’i at Hilo Sex Differences ●Males are more likely to engage in infidelity and have a more liberal outlook towards what is considered to be infidelity than females. ●Females are generally more sensitive to relationship outcomes than males. ●Hypothesis #1: Those cheated on in the past will have stronger ideas towards what is construed as infidelity than those who have not been cheated on. ●Hypothesis #2: Increased religiosity would translate to stricter opinions on what constitutes infidelity. ●Hypothesis #3: Females would perceive more items as constituting infidelity than would males. ●Hypothesis #4: Religious females should perceive more behaviors as constituting infidelity than the other examined groups. ● 170 college students ● 61 males, 104 females, 2 transgender, and 3 missing data ● 44% single, 20% dating, 4% in an open relationship, 26% in a monogamous relationship, 5% married, 1% divorced ● 35% White/Caucasian, 23% Asian, 21% Pacific Islander, 10% Hispanic/Latino, 6% other 3% Black/African American and 2% Native American/American Indian ●Hypothesis #1: Those who were cheated on had stronger ideas on what actions suggested infidelity ●Hypothesis #2: Religiosity translated to stricter opinions on what constitutes infidelity for sex, fantasy, suggestivity, and overall total infidelity factors ●Hypothesis #3: Females did perceive more items as constituting infidelity ●Hypothesis #4: Religious females perceived more behaviors as constituting infidelity ● Expanding the study by using a sample composed of participants that aren’t college students. ● Including participant’s ages in order to generalize data and report means ● The relationship between religiosity and infidelity can be used to advance research in how to promote healthy relationships. Religiosity Differences Interactions Between Gender and Religiosity with Predicting Infidelity ● Those who frequently attended church services were less likely to have an affair (Atkins & Kessel, 2008). ● Believing that the Bible was an earnest representation of God’s word decreased the chances of infidelity in a relationship (Burdette, Ellison, Sherkat, & Gore, 2007). ● Since females and those who are highly religious both perceive more behaviors as constituting infidelity, the combination of these two groups should prove to be especially predictive of infidelity perceptions. Past Experience with Infidelity ●Those who have been cheated on were more likely to exhibit distress towards relationships (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992). ●More likely to demonstrate jealously in future relationships than those who have had no experience with infidelity (Buunk, Angleiter, Oubaid, & Buss, 1996) Hypotheses Participants Means, SDs, and t-tests for religiosity Means, SDs, and t-tests for sex differences Means, SDs, and t-tests for those who’ve been cheated on Address Hypotheses Results ● The three-way interaction involving personal experience with infidelity, gender, and religiosity was significant, F(1,119) = 3.94, p <.05, when predicting perceptions of infidelity, but only for the suggestivity factor. See Figure 1. Figure 1. Discussion ● Suggestivity showed a three-way interaction such that ambiguous behavior was especially sensitive for religious females with past experiences relating to infidelity. ● Women tend to be more communal and have stronger opinions on what construes as an act of infidelity. ● Religious women were more likely to select items as suggestive of infidelity in a relationship. Other Main Effect Results ● After running composite two-way interactions and multiple t-tests, females who were cheated on and reported being religious were more likely to endorse suggestivity items as a form of infidelity. Males not showing significance for suggestivity factors mirrors the results by Buunk et al. (1996). ●Looking at sex differences, the only category that showed significance was explicit sex behavior. These results relate to DeMaris, 2013 study that demonstrated difference based on sex. Limitations & Applications References Atkins, D.C., & Kessel, D. E. (2008). “Religiousness and Infidelity: Attendance, but Not Faith and Prayer, Predict Marital Fidelity” Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 70, No.2, pp.407- 418. Burdette, A. M., Ellison C.G., Sherkat D. E., & Gore, K. (2007). “Are There Religious Variations in Marital Infidelity?” Journal of Family Issues, 28, 1553-1581. Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3, 251–255. Buunk, P. B., Angleiter, Alois., Oubaid, V., & Buss, D. M., (1996). Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective. American Psychological Society, Vol. 7, No. 6 DeMaris, A. (2013) “Burning the Candle at Both Ends: Extramarital Sex as a Precursor of Marital Disruption” Journal of Family Issues, 11, 1474-1499. Thornton, V., & Nagurney, A. (2011). What is Infidelity? Perceptions Based on Biological Sex and Personality. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4, 51-58. Instruments ● Multi-question survey looking at: ● Whether or not the participant was cheated in a past relationship ● What the participant considered to be an act of infidelity (i.e. fantasizing, suggestivity, explicit sexual behavior) ● If they saw themselves as religious ● Thornton and Nagurney’s Infidelity Questionnaire (2011)