1. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Chemistry SOL Review Part 3: Nomenclature, Chemical Formulas and Reactions 1.Types of Compounds (Ionic vs. Molecular) 2.Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 3.Molecular and Empirical Formulas 4.Reaction Types 5.Balancing Chemical Equations 6.Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes 7.Reaction Rates and Kinetics Use the SOL periodic table. http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Manipulatives/PTE.pdf This section represents 16/50 of the SOL questions

2. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Non-metals above the staircase Metals below the staircase

3. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Non-metals above the staircase Metals below the staircase The yellow shaded metals can take on multiple charges/oxidation states (except Zn, Ag, and Cd).

4. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Types of Compounds (Ionic vs. Molecular) Ionic compounds form from metals and non-metals (across the tracks) and transfer electrons between elements. You figure out the formula for an ionic compound by criss-crossing charges to subscripts and reducing subscripts if possible. Ca 2+ and F 1- form ___________ Li 1+ and PO 4 3- form____________ Pb 4+ and S 2- form ________ Mn 2+ and NO 3 -1 form _________

5. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Types of Compounds (Ionic vs. Molecular) Ca 2+ and F 1- form CaF 2 Li 1+ and PO 4 3- form Li 3 PO 4 Pb 4+ and S 2- form Pb 2 S 4 which reduces to PbS 2 Mn 2+ and NO 3 -1 form Mn(NO 3 ) 2 Ionic compounds form from metals and non-metals (across the tracks) and transfer electrons between elements. You figure out the formula for an ionic compound by criss-crossing charges to subscripts and reducing subscripts if possible.

6. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Naming Ionic Compounds Write the name of the cation. If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion. If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Name the following compounds CaF 2 _________________________ Li 3 PO 4 __________________________ PbS 2 _____________________________ Mn(NO 3 ) 2 ______________________________

7. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Naming Ionic Compounds Write the name of the cation. If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion. If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Name the following compounds CaF 2 Calcium fluoride Li 3 PO 4 Lithium phosphate PbS 2 Lead (IV) sufide Mn(ClO 3 ) 2 Manganese (II) nitrate

8. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of two non-metals (above the staircase) Indicate # of each atom using prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) The first element does not use mono if there’s only one. Examples: OF 2 is named oxygen diflouride N 2 O is named dinitrogen monoxide You try: NO 2 ___________________________ P 2 O 4 ____________________________ Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

9. Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are composed of two non-metals (above the staircase) Indicate # of each atom using prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) The first element does not use mono if there’s only one. Examples: OF 2 is named oxygen diflouride N 2 O is named dinitrogen monoxide You try: NO 2 nitrogen dioxide P 2 O 4 diphosphorus tetroxide Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

10. Molecular and Empirical Formulas Molecular Formulas provide the true number of atoms in a compound Empirical formulas give the ratio of the elements found in a compound Structural formulas show how the atoms are connected. Molecular Formula C6H6C6H6 C2H6C2H6 C2H2O4C2H2O4 Empirical Formula CH CH 3 CHO 2

11. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Types of Reactions AX + B → BX + Y single replacement AX + BY → AY + BX double replacement AB → A + B decomposition A + B → AB combination or synthesis C x H y + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O combustion You identify each type H 2 SO 4 + PbCl 2 → HCl + PbSO 4 Li + Cu(OH) 2 → LiOH + Cu CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O NH 3 → N 2 + H 2 H 2 O + O 2 → H 2 O 2 Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

12. Types of Reactions AX + B → BX + Y single replacement AX + BY → AY + BX double replacement AB → A + B decomposition A + B → AB combination or synthesis C x H y + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O combustion You identify each type H 2 SO 4 + PbCl 2 → HCl + PbSO 4 Double Replacement Li + Cu(OH) 2 → LiOH + Cu Single Replacement CH 4 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 OCombustion NH 3 → N 2 + H 2 Decomposition H 2 O + O 2 → H 2 O 2 Synthesis or combination Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

13. Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. ___Al + ___FeCl 2 → ___AlCl 3 +___Fe Al1 1 Fe1 1 Cl2 3 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

14. Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. ___Al + 3FeCl 2 → ___AlCl 3 +___Fe Al1 1 Fe1 →3Fe1 Cl2 →6Cl3 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions

15. Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. ___Al + 3FeCl 2 → 2AlCl 3 +___Fe Al1 1 →2 Fe1 →3Fe1 Cl2 →6Cl3 →6 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them.

16. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. 2Al + 3FeCl 2 → 2AlCl 3 +___Fe Al1 →2Al1 →2 Fe1 →3Fe1 Cl2 →6Cl3 →6 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them.

17. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Balancing Equations Chemical Reactions should have the same number of atoms on each side to follow the Law of Conservation of Mass. Use coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the equations. 2Al + 3FeCl 2 → 2AlCl 3 +3Fe Al1 →2Al1 →2 Fe1 →3Fe1 →3 Cl2 →6Cl3 →6 Count the number of atoms on each side and track the changes as you make them.

18. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound SO 3 = 6 + 3(6)= 24 valence e-

19. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds SO 3 = 6 + 3(6)= 24 valence e-

20. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule. SO 3 = 6 + 3(6)= 24 valence e-

21. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. SO 3 = 6 + 3(6)= 24 valence e-

22. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. Step 5: If the central atom does not have an octet, share pairs of electrons as bonds from outside atoms. SO 3 = 6 + 3(6)= 24 valence e-

23. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

24. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

25. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

26. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e-

27. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. Step 5: If the central atom does not have an octet, share pairs of electrons as bonds from outside atoms. PO 3 3- = 5 + 3(6) + 3 = 26 valence e- Step 5 unnecessary

28. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

29. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

30. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

31. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

32. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Step 1: Count the number of valence electrons in the compound Step 2: Connect the atoms around the central atom by single bonds Step 3: Place remaining electrons on the outside atoms to fulfill octet rule Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. Step 5: If the central atom does not have an octet, share pairs of electrons as bonds from outside atoms. CO 2 = 4 + 2(6) + 16 valence e-

33. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes VSEPR THEORY Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Molecules adopt the shape that minimizes electron pair repulsions. The electron pairs/groups around the central atom get as far apart as possible. CO 2 SO 3 CH 4

34. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Drawing Lewis Structures and Predicting Geometric Shapes Geometries for Four Electron Pairs Around a Central Atom

35. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions Reaction Rates and Kinetics Ways to speed up reactions: 1.Decrease particle size (grind the sample) 2.Increase heat 3.Add catalyst 4.Increase concentration of reagents

36. Chemistry SOL Review—Nomenclature, Formulas and Reactions References http://www.markrosengarten.com/http://www.markrosengarten.com/ for New York Regent’s exam powerpoint.