2. There are 2 types of Respiration going on in your body… 1.Cellular Respiration – gases entering your individual cells 2.Body (Systemic) Respiration – gases (O 2 ) entering your lungs (breathing)

3. Remember!!! Cellular Respiration: Involves the breakdown of organic molecules to produce ATP Cellular Respiration is the opposite process of photosynthesis Instead of plants building glucose molecules, glucose molecules are broken down to release energy that can be used by the cells

4. Equation for Respiration: O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Equation for Photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 O  O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

5. There are 2 types of Cellular Respiration: 1.Aerobic Respiration 2.Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

6. Aerobic Respiration This process occurs in the mitochondria and REQUIRES oxygen Aerobic respiration is the process of cellular respiration An example occurs in Red Blood Cells, where a protein called hemoglobin gives your body cells Oxygen

7. Anaerobic Respiration Also known as Fermentation This type of respiration requires NO OXYGEN The products of fermentation are alcohol and lactic acid Yeast and bacteria are capable of Fermentation Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) produces much less energy

8. Fermentation and Running When you run and these muscles run short of oxygen, they begin fermentation which produces lactic acid Your muscles then use the lactic acid to produce ATP

9. Fermentation and Running Eventually you cramp. This is because the muscles lack sufficient ATP to continue contracting.

12. How does Oxygen get to all body cells? Oxygen can only diffuse across a membrane if it is first dissolved in water Therefore, all respiratory surfaces must be moist!

13. So, how does Oxygen get to the Lungs? Gases are transported through the nostrils into the nasal cavity Here the air is warmed and filtered by mucous and cilia. Air then moves into the trachea At the top of the trachea (wind pipe) is the larynx (vocal cords)

14. Cilia Air then passes into the trachea which is also lined with cilia The cilia sweep the dirty mucus up toward your mouth. Cigarette smoke slows down and then stops the action of cilia, thereby allowing foreign substances to enter your lungs.

15. Bronchi… Air then moves into your bronchi There are 2 bronchi, each which extend into the lungs The bronchi contain rings of cartilage for support and to keep the airway open at all times

16. Alveoli Bronchi divide further into smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli Alveoli are air sacs surrounded by capillaries and look like little bunches of grapes Exchange of gases occurs at the alveoli There are ~ 1 Billion alveoli in the linings of your lungs!

18. Lungs ! They are highly elastic but have no muscle for moving air Instead, they respond to the action of the diaphragm muscle, which contracts and relaxes to move air in and out of the lungs

22. Inhalation Inhalation – the pulling down of the diaphragm muscle to create greater volume and less pressure, causing air to rush into the lungs

23. Exhalation Exhalation – diaphragm (contracts) and volume of chest cavity decreases Pressure increases and causes air to be forced out of the lungs

25. Three problems of the Respiratory System we will be discussing are… 1.Asthma 2.Bronchitis 3.Lung Cancer

26. What is Asthma? Asthma is a disease that causes swelling and blockage of the airways that bring air from the nose and mouth to the lungs.

28. Bronchitis Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages to the lungs It generally follows a viral respiratory infection.

29. What is Lung Cancer? An uncontrollable growth of tumors in your lungs

30. Oral Cancer caused by Chewing Tobacco

31. Normal lung (left), lung with Cancer (right)

32. Scar from Lung Cancer operation

34. Percent Smokers in America

35. Negative Feedback The Medulla in the lower brain continuously monitors blood pH As CO 2 concentration in the blood increases, blood pH decreases (becomes more acidic) When blood pH drops, the medulla will stimulate the diaphragm and rib muscles to contract so you can take in more O 2 and release more CO 2 This process is an example of negative feedback and operates to maintain homeostasis

37. Feedback Mechanism In this example, the Sensor detecting a change (CO 2 blood concentration) is the Medulla The Set Point is the normal pH of blood (~7.4) The Effector is the diaphragm and rib cage muscles

38. Why do we Yawn? We yawn because oxygen levels in our lungs are low. Studies have shown that during normal, at-rest breathing, we don’t use anywhere near our lung capacity; for the most part, we just use the air sacs at the bottom of the lungs. If the air sacs, called alveoli, don’t get fresh air, they partially collapse and the lungs stiffen a bit. As a result, it’s believed, our brain prompts the body to either sigh or take a yawn to get more air into the lungs.

39. What happens if we stop breathing while we are sleeping? Although the automatic breathing regulation system allows you to breathe while you sleep, it sometimes malfunctions. Apnea involves stoppage of breathing for as long as 10 seconds, in some individuals as often as 300 times per night This failure to respond to elevated blood levels of CO2 may result from viral infections of the brain, tumors, or it may develop spontaneously

41. What is SIDS? An acronym for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome A malfunction of the breathing centers in newborns

43. What is Altitude Sickness? As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases Above 10,000 feet, decreased oxygen pressures causes loading of oxygen into hemoglobin to drop off, leading to lowered oxygen levels in the blood The result can be mountain sickness (nausea and loss of appetite) Mountain sickness does not result from oxygen starvation but rather from the loss of CO2 due to increased breathing in order to obtain more oxygen