1. What do the lungs do?

2. The Respiratory System

3. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

4. Respiratory Tract Inspiration - inhalation (breathing in/air toward lungs) Expiration - exhalation (breathing out / air away from lungs) Air is filtered from cilia and mucus in the nostril region (screening device = the reason you get a dirty “boogie” nose)

6. The Nose Two nasal cavities separate by a narrow canal called a septum (composed of bone/cartilage) Tear gland (lacrimal) drain into nasal cavities by way of tear ducts –crying = runny nose

7. Sinus headaches - inflammation due to a cold blocks the ducts and mucus builds up

8. The Pharynx Funnel shaped passageway that connects nasal and oral cavity to the larynx THREE Parts to the Pharynx (Throat) 1. Nasopharynx (above soft palate) 2. Oropharynx (oral cavity opens) 3. Laryngopharynx (opens into larynx)

10. The Larynx Triangular box with apex (Adam’s apple) Glottis (first part) and epiglottis (flap that prevents food) Vocal cords inside larynx Mucus folds supported by elastic filaments stretch across the glottis - air passes through glottis and vocal cords vibrate = sound

11. (do not need to write down ) Ever Wonder Why... Ever notice how Mariah Carey can sing so high? How can Barry White can sing so low? Why Justin Timberlake has such a high voice?

12. Tension on vocal cords –glottis is narrow (more tension) = high pitch –glottis is wider (less tension) = lower pitch –during puberty there is growth of the larynx and vocal cords

13. Tube that connects the larynx to the primary bronchi Tracheotomy – process in which a tube is inserted in the trachea due to blockage from illness of a foreign object The Trachea (windpipe)

16. Trachea is lined with cilia –Keeps lungs clean –Smoking destroys cilia

17. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

18. Movie Respiration with Bill

19. The Respiratory System

20. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

21. The Lungs Paired cone - shaped organs (in rib cage / diaphragm) -Right lung = 3 lobes -Left lung = 2 lobes (room for heart!) Each lobe divides into lobules and each lobule has bronchioles = many alveoli

22. The Bronchial Tree Trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi leading into right and left lung Primary bronchi divides into secondary bronchi that lead to bronchioles –each branch becomes thinner and smaller and less cartilage is present –each bronchiole ends with an air pocket called alveoli (makes up lungs)

24. The Alveoli Made up of epithelium (tissue) surrounded by blood vessels Gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in the capillaries Oxygen diffuses across alveoli wall into blood stream Carbon Dioxide diffuses across from the blood to the alveoli

26. The Alveoli Walls of alveoli are one cell thick –allows diffusion of gases Have coating of lipoproteins on inner surface for surface tension –prevents collapsing and sticking together during exhalation Equipped with stretch receptors –nerves tell the brain when the alveoli are full enough –“stop inhaling!” “now exhale!”

27. Surfaces are covered in pulmonary capillaries –maximize exchange of gases Kept moist by circulatory system –maintains flexibility and helps gas exchange Gas Exchange

28. Recap: –External Respiration = exchange of gas between air and lungs to blood –Internal Respiration = exchange of gas between blood and cells –Cellular Respiration = cells using gases as part of making ATP

30. Hemoglobin in RBCs carry the oxygen to the cells ( ~37 and 7.38 pH) –Hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ) Hemoglobin releases O 2 based on 38 temp and 7.35 pH –Causes hemoglobin to release O 2 –Hemoglobin free to transport again

31. RBC enzyme, carbonic anhydrase causes CO 2 to react with H 2 0 Dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and Hydrogen ion (carbonic anhydrase) CO 2 + H 2 0  [H 2 CO 3 ]  HCO 3 - + H + (carbonic acid) (bicarbonate)

32. The H + ions can bind to hemoglobin for transport = reduced hemoglobin (HHb) –Buffers against pH changes! CO 2 mostly participates in the previous chemical reaction –Some binds to Hb = carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO 2 ) –Some dissolved in plasma CO 2 returned to alveloi –This completes internal respiration!

33. The Diaphragm Layer of muscle under the rib cage Contracts or relaxes to allow the lungs to expand or contract

36. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

37. The Respiratory System

38. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

39. Mechanisms of Breathing Respiration-complete process that includes 1. Supply of oxygen to body cells 2. Ridding the body of carbon dioxide by the cells What is the ultimate goal of breathing? Why do we need oxygen?

40. The Process of Respiration 1. Breathing: inspiration  air to lungs and expiration  air exits lungs 2. External Respiration: exchange of gases (O 2 and CO 2 ) between air and blood in the lungs 3. Internal Respiration: exchange of gases (O 2 and CO 2 ) between blood and tissues 4. Cell Respiration: Production of ATP (energy for cells)

41. External and Internal Respiration

42. Respiratory Volumes Tidal Volume: amount of air we breathe in and out with each breath (500mL) Vital Capacity: Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath (3100mL)

43. Inspiratory Reserve Volume: forced inspiration -may just fill nose / bronchi -may not reach lungs -may not be used for gas exchange -dead air space **To ensure air reaches lungs, breathe deeply and slowly

44. Expiratory Reserve Volume: increasing the amount of air out by contracting ab / thoracic muscles

45. Vital Capacity: Sum of: Tidal + Inspiratory + Expiratory Residual Volume: Air left in the lungs - no longer useful (no gas exchange) - useless air builds up in people with emphysema (alveoli don’t get O 2 and trapped air ruptures them), therefore vital capacity is reduced

46. Spirogram Spirometer measures the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled when breathing through a tube. Peaks on the graph occur during inhalation, valleys during exhalation.

48. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

49. The Respiratory System

50. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

51. Respiratory Tract Infections Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – Sinusitis

52. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – Otitis Media

54. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – Tonsillitis

55. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – Laryngitis

56. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections – Acute Bronchitis

57. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections – Pneumonia

58. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections – Pulmonary Tuberculosis

59. Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders – Pulmonary Fibrosis

60. Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders – Chronic Bronchitis

61. Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders – Emphysema

62. Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders – Asthma

63. Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders – Lung Cancer

65. Advertisements THEN

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68. Some commercials.

73. Looking to Quit? 1-877-455-2233 www.quitnow.ca

74. What about marijuana? 2 videos…

75. 3 Essential Questions 1. How do we breathe? 2. What makes smoking so bad? 3. Why do we need oxygen?

76. The Respiratory System

77. Respiratory System Review