1. Chapter 12: Motivation & Emotion Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal ….Motivation is energizes and directs behavior What motivates you to do certain things? Incentive Motivation: theory suggests humans are “pulled” toward behaviors by rewards or incentives -extrinsic: payment of cash bonuses -intrinsic: training for a marathon because finishing would give you a sense of satisfaction

2. Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivations w Intrinsic – performing for its own sake; work or play seeking enjoyment, interest, self- expression or challenge, fosters curiosity and self-determination w What are some of your intrinsic motivations? w Extrinsic – external rewards or punishments individuals become aware control issues w What are some of your extrinsic motivations?

3. Theory of Motivation: Instinct/Evolution w Instinct/Evolution Theories: Explains behavior in how it supports reproduction in the organism. These behaviors are generally innate and unlearned. w Instincts: Unlearned, genetically programmed, fixed action pattern of complex behavior by all members of species w What instincts do humans have? w Ex: sucking, rooting, reproduction w Drive-Reduction Theory: an organism is motivated to engage in activities that reduce an internal drive state and return to homeostasis (balanced internal state) w Drive: an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to reduce tension w We are “pushed” by a need and “pulled” by incentives (positive/negative stimuli) that lure or repel us

4. Theory of Motivation: Drive-Reduction Lack of homeostasis need drive, motivate to act homeostasis (hunger) (eating drinking) (balanced internal state) w Primary: innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, sexual desires, that arise from basic biological needs w Secondary: drives that are learned or acquired through experience such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth.

5. Theory of Motivation: Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: being driven by an ascending “needs” list

6. Theory of Motivation: Arousal w Arousal Theory: Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal. Prefer environments that are more stimulating, well fed animals, why some individuals find themselves bored/ when satisfied we are still motivated by “curiosity,” challenge, sensation-seeking, achievement—perhaps others w Yerkes-Dodson model Low difficulty- high arousal Med difficulty- med arousal High difficulty- low arousal  Basically better performance Occurs at moderate levels of arousal

7. Theory of Motivation: Arousal w What are some situations in which you need stimulation or you are over stimulated so you need to find ways to relax? w Boredom (need stimulation) w Jumping out planes (for some over stimulation)

8. Theory of Motivation: Expectancy & Cognitive w Expectancy Theory: Explanations for behavior that focus on people’s expectations about reaching a goal and their need for achievement as energizing factors. w Motive: a specific (usually internal) condition, usually involving some form of arousal, which directs an organism’s behavior toward a goal.  Social need: an aroused condition that directs people to behave in ways that allow them to feel good about themselves and others and to establish and maintain relationships w Cognitive Theory: motivation is affected by our attributions, or how we interpret or think about our own and others’ actions toward our goals. Expectations, interpretations, outlooks. w Overjustification Effect: the decrease in likelihood that a intrinsically motivated task after having been extrinsically rewarded, will be performed when the reward is no longer given. Ex: playing a game, then given candy to play the game, will the children want to play the game if they are not given candy?

9. Theory of Motivation: w Effort Justification: the tendency to place greater value on goals that are difficult to achieve in order to justify the fort expended in attaining them. w Achievement Motivation: as a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills, or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining high standard.

10. Achievement Motivation: TAT w Write down what is happening in this picture. w Write a story including details. w Please share with a partner.

11. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): w This is a projective test that is used to help people express their feelings in a non-threatening manner. This is done by having people create stories about ambiguous characters, scenes, and situations. People are shown ambiguous pictures and then asked to make up stories about them. This allows the person to "project" their own feelings and interests onto the picture. So rather than saying, I feel really angry, the person may indicate that the person in the picture looks really angry and upset about something. Reflecting on your story can you see your own feelings or your own motivations. People’s fantasies/stories reflect their concern for achievement

12. nAch w Need for achievement (nAch): a social need that directs a person to constantly strive for excellence w High nAch: - Set challenges, but attainable goals - present and future successes - willing to take risks - persist after failure w Achievement motivation appears to be learned w Parents- Encourage difficult tasks and effort w Praise and give appropriate rewards for success w Provide strategies for success w Encourage new challenges w Culture- Collectivist vs. Individualist societies

13. Motivation at Work w Industrial-Organizational Psychology: the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. w Personnel Psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development. w Flow: a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills. w 360-degree feedback: is performance feedback where you rate yourself, peers rate you, supervisors rate you, and subordinates rate you.

14. Motivation at Work w Structured interviews: the interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applications, pinpoint strengths that distinguish high performers in a particular line of work (how they handled certain situations in their prior work). w Halo Errors w Interviewer Illusion: Interviewers often overrate their interviewing skills and may over look some issues of the interviewee, basically the gap between the interviewer’s intuition and the resulting reality (good intentions rather they should look at their performance at other jobs, presume people are what they seem, follow up with those who are successful, and interviewers instantly like people that are more similar to us)

15. Motivation at Work w Task Leadership: based on standards, organizing work, attention on goals, a directive style w Social Leadership: democratic style, mediated conflicts and team building spirit, delegated/participatory authority, good morale w Theory X: employees are basically lazy, motivated by money, need simple tasks, close monitoring, and incentives to work harder w Theory Y: intrinsically motivated by self-esteem, satisfying relations with others and fulfilling their potential.

16. Biological Drives-Hunger Internal Cues glucose- the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provided the major source of energy for body tissues glucose theory of hunger-as glucose levels drop in the blood, hunger signals are initiated Insulin-is produced from the pancreas and converts glucose into stored fats. w set point: the brain and endocrine system act like a thermostat ( ex: temp becomes too cold a signal is sent to turn the heater on when set point is reached, heat shuts off if it gets too hot, the thermostat turns on the cooling system) w Set point theory of hunger and weight- the idea that the body tries to maintain a set weight

17. Biological Drives-Hunger Fat Cells- Fixed number throughout life Metabolism- genetic range for individuals brain messages –ventromedial hypothalamus- when stimulated, it signals satiety (fullness) –lateral hypothalamus-when stimulated, its signals hunger

18. Glucose, hormones, and hunger

19. Factors controlling hunger & satiation

20. Weight Control w The thinning of Miss America Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners BMI, kg/m² 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year of Pageant World Health Organization’s cutoff point for undernutrition (18.5) Trend line

21. Eating Disorders anorexia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by a weight of less than 85% of normal, abnormally restrictive food consumption, and an unrealistic body image bulimia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by a pattern of eating binges involving intake of thousands of calories, following by purging by either vomiting or using laxative

22. Emotions w Basic Emotions: acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise w Defined a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. w Function enrich life increase readiness for fight or flight

23. Would you like never to be sad again? Philosophical chairs: w Those who responded with “yes” move to the side of the room with windows. w Those who responded with “no” move to the side of the room with cabinets. w Those who don’t really know stay in the middle of the room. w Your job is to share your opinions to persuade the other two sides to join your side.

24. Physical Components of Emotions w Autonomic Nervous System Activation Some differences in activation are noted with specific emotions ex: fear shows lower blood pressure and anger shows increases cardiovascular changes w Polygraph: an electronic device that measures physiological activation that some believe are related to deception Eight primary emotions and those combinations produce the more complex secondary emotions represented outside the circle.

25. Theories of Emotions w James-Lange Theory that states that physiological arousal precede and cause the sensation of emotion w Cannon-Bard Theory that states that physiological arousal and emotional feelings occur simultaneously w Schacter-Singer (two-factor) Theory that states that emotion begins with an undifferentiated arousal that we interpret into an emotion dependent on the perceived context

26. Theories of Emotions: chart

27. Theories of Emotions Activity Activity: (in partners) w Give examples of the three theories of emotion to assigned emotion. w Emotions: Anger, Sadness, Joy, Love, Surprise, Trust, Anticipation, Disgust Theory Stimulus (Illustration) Response Report

28. Brain Mechanisms in Emotion w Limbic System Amygdala: associated with fear, anxiety, and rage Hippocampus: important in the processing of memories Hypothalamus: begins a cascade of hormonal changes to perceived threats in the environment

29. The Expression of Emotions w Facial Expression: there is evidence that facial expressions of various emotions are universal (anger, disgust, happiness, fear, surprise, sadness) w What aren’t universal? w Body Language/Movements/Gestures ex: Thumbs up to indicate “A-OK”

30. Experiencing Emotion w Facial Feedback Hypothesis: states that feedback from facial muscles affects our experienced emotion w Gender Differences women report experiencing more emotion than men women are more comfortable experiencing emotion than men Women surpass men in conveying happiness, but men communicate anger better than women.

31. Display Rules w Cultural norms which prescribe who can display what emotions ex: In our society, we are more accepting of men feeling anger and women feeling sadness

32. Theories of emotions w Catharsis-(Freudian psychologists) release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past, coping device for stress

33. Catharsis Hypothesis: believing that releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy can relieve the aggressive urge. Philosophical chairs: w Those who agree with the above statement move to the side of the room with windows. w Those who disagree with the above statement move to the side of the room with cabinets. w Those who don’t really know stay in the middle of the room. w Your job is to share your opinions to persuade the other two sides to join your side.

34. Theories of emotions w Relative depravation: the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. w Adaptation-level phenomenon our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by prior experiences

35. Theories of emotions w Feel good, do good phenomenon: is when we feel happy we are more willing to help others w Subjective well-being: self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

36. What is the single most personally satisfying event that you experienced in the last month? Take a couple minutes to be sure to come up with a very impactful experience. Discuss with a partner. Volunteers share.

37. Did your item fall in the top four: autonomy competence relatedness self-esteem self-actualizing physical thriving popularity money Top four

38. 8 steps to a more satisfying life w Count you blessings w Practice acts of kindness w Savor life’s joys w Thank a mentor w Learn to forgive w Invest time in family/friends w Take care of your body w Develop strategies for coping with stress/hardships.

39. Happiness w Sources- Relationship with children Friends Contributing to others’ lives Relationship with spouse/partner Degree of control over your life Leisure time activities Relationship to parents Religious Holidays

40. Handout 13-20 Emotions Questionnaire w Use the Elmo to do the activity

41. Things to do to improve mood w Talk to someone w Listen to music w Pray/meditate w Help others in need w Take a bath w Play with a pet w Exercise w Go out with friends w Eat w Take a drive