1. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Viruses Mrs. Nell Roosevelt Middle School Life Science Chapter 2

2. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Definition Virus: a nonliving particle consisting of a core of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat

3. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Classification of Viruses Viruses are classified by:  shape  kind of hereditary material they have  kind of organism they infect  method of reproduction

4. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Viral Diseases in Humans HIV Polio SARS Smallpox West Nile Hantavirus

5. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools More Viral Diseases in Humans Herpes Simplex Virus Mumps Rubella (German Measles) Yellow Fever Influenza Ebola

6. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools How Do Viruses Reproduce? A virus has to be inside a living ‘host’ cell to reproduce Once inside a host cell the virus can be either active or latent (inactive)

7. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Active Viruses A)ATTACH- virus attaches to surface of cell B)INVADE- Hereditary material of virus injects itself into cell C)COPY- virus hereditary material takes control of cell and forces it to make new virus parts D)RELEASE- cell bursts and new viruses are released to infect other cells Bacteriophage (T4)

8. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Viral Replication

9. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Vaccines There are no antibiotic medications to cure viral diseases, but some viral diseases can be prevented by vaccines. Vaccine: a solution made from damaged virus or bacteria particles used to prevent many viral and bacterial diseases

10. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Edward Jenner English doctor credited with developing a vaccine for smallpox in 1796 Realized milkmaids that got cowpox didn’t get smallpox. Created vaccine from sores of milkmaids with cowpox and injected healthy people At the time no one knew about viruses

11. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Vaccines Today Vaccinating against viruses such as measles has greatly reduced the number of cases nationally and worldwide

12. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools USA Cases of Measles

13. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Measles Worldwide Reported global measles vaccine and measles cases, 1983 -1996

14. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools What is West Nile Virus? Virus transmitted to people, birds, and other animals by the bite of an infected mosquito. Can cause serious illness, especially in people over the age of 50, or those with other underlying medical conditions. Most infected people have few if any symptoms of the disease. Mild infections can include a fever and headache with complete recovery. First detected in New York state in 1999. Since then, it has spread steadily westward. West Nile prevails despite efforts to eradicate the virus through intensive mosquito control projects.

15. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools West Nile Virus

16. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Preventing West Nile To reduce your chances of contracting the virus: reduce mosquito breeding habitats around your home use insect repellents Protect horses with a newly developed vaccine. (Although there is a vaccine for horses, one has not been developed for people.)

17. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools What is SARS? Sales of masks, air filters soar as SARS spreads… Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome First reported in Asia in February 2003. A total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during a 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774 died. Symptoms include high fever, headache, discomfort, and body aches. After 2 to 7 days, SARS patients may develop a dry cough. Most patients develop pneumonia. Spread by close person-to-person contact (infected person’s coughs or sneezes) or by touching a contaminated surface or object.

18. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools SARS Today

19. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Prevention of SARS Minimizing contact with people with SARS (minimize travel to locations where there is an uncontrolled outbreak). hand washing or cleaning hands with an alcohol-based instant hand sanitizer. cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing. Do not share food, drink, or utensils. Clean surfaces with an EPA approved disinfectant. When necessary, use appropriate masks and goggles. Gloves should be used in handling potentially infectious secretions.

20. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools SARS Chinese scientists began testing a SARS vaccine on four volunteers at a Beijing hospital on May 23, 2004. This appears to be the first such experiment on humans.

21. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools SARS Vaccine Some scientists fear that the vaccine now being tested could actually make SARS worse, due to an effect called immune enhancement. Immune enhancement effect means the protection against the disease is short lived. In the long term the vaccine skews the immune system and the patient develops an even worse case of the disease. That happened in the 1960s with human vaccines against measles. Now vaccines are tested for these effects in animals first.

22. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Recent SARS News In April 2004 there was an outbreak of SARS in and around Beijing. A total of nine cases (one fatal) were reported. Two of the nine patients were graduate students who worked at the National Institute of Virology Lab in Beijing. The Ministry of Health of China found that the use of inactivated SARS coronavirus appears the most likely cause of the outbreak. No further cases of SARS in China or anywhere else in the world have been reported since April 29, 2004. On May 18, the World Health Organization reported that the outbreak in China appears to have been contained. The World Health Organization recommends that further work is needed to verify the effectiveness of the method used to inactivate the live SARS virus.

23. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools On the Lighter Side… *Toronto had a SARS outbreak in 2003, -there were 155 probable SARS cases reported. The World Health Organization (WHO) imposed a travel advisory for the area.

24. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Bibliography (Page 1) Influenza. [Online image] Available http://www.influenza.nl/files/influenza.jpg, July 2004.http://www.influenza.nl/files/influenza.jpg SARS. [Online Image] Available http://www.roche-diagnostics.it/news/Dett_novita.asp?ID=72, July 2004.http://www.roche-diagnostics.it/news/Dett_novita.asp?ID=72 Mosquito. [Online image] Available http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/images/westnile/photos/mosquito.gif, July 2004.http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/images/westnile/photos/mosquito.gif T4. [Online image] Available oct31.de/aw/myobj/, July 2004.oct31.de/aw/myobj/ HIV. [Online image] Available http://www.roche.de/pharma/indikation/hiv/HIV-Virus.jpg, July 2004.http://www.roche.de/pharma/indikation/hiv/HIV-Virus.jpg HIV Virus. [Online image] Available http://www.abrasp.org.br/fotos/virus%20HIV.jpg, July 2004.http://www.abrasp.org.br/fotos/virus%20HIV.jpg Boy with Chickenpox. [Online image] Available http://www.sickkids.on.ca/KidsHealth/fall00issue4/images/chickenpox.gif, July 2004.http://www.sickkids.on.ca/KidsHealth/fall00issue4/images/chickenpox.gif Viral replication. [Online image] Available http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/VirusesMoneransAndProtists/Virus.html, July 2004.http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/VirusesMoneransAndProtists/Virus.html Viral pictures. [Online image] Available http://www.medipharm.ee/index.php?page=2,15, July 2004.http://www.medipharm.ee/index.php?page=2,15 Mumps. [Online image] Available http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/mumps-lp.gif, July 2004.http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/mumps-lp.gif Pertussis. [Online image] Available http://www.thecrookstoncollection.com/Collection/medslides/Slides/Pertussis-01.jpg, July 2004.http://www.thecrookstoncollection.com/Collection/medslides/Slides/Pertussis-01.jpg Mad Virus. [Online image] Available http://prospere.ath.cx/images/virus.gif, July 2004.http://prospere.ath.cx/images/virus.gif Flu Joke. [Online image] Available www.getfunnypictures.com/ crt238.html, July 2004.www.getfunnypictures.com/ crt238.html Vaccine. [Online image] Available www.vpul.upenn.edu/ ohe/library/cold/vaccine.htm, July 2004.www.vpul.upenn.edu/ ohe/library/cold/vaccine.htm Measles to Kneezles. [Online image] Available www2.provlab.ab.ca/ bugs/hlthprom/measlvac.htm, July 2004.www2.provlab.ab.ca/ bugs/hlthprom/measlvac.htm USA Cases of Measles. [Online image] Available http://www.whale.to/a/image/US-Measles.gif, July 2004.http://www.whale.to/a/image/US-Measles.gif Vaccine Shot- Ouch. [Online image] Available www.juneauempire.com/.../ October98/100898/Local/, July 2004.www.juneauempire.com/.../ October98/100898/Local/ Measles Worldwide. [Online Image] Available http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/stats-notes/2000/images/st19_fig1.gif, July 2004.http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/stats-notes/2000/images/st19_fig1.gif West Nile in US. [Online image] Available http://www.msmosquito.com/WNV99_02.gif, July 2004.http://www.msmosquito.com/WNV99_02.gif Fight the Bite. [Online image] Available www.ci.arvada.co.us/ 3.cfm?page_ID=591, July 2004www.ci.arvada.co.us/ 3.cfm?page_ID=591 Sars lady. [Online image] Available ddll.sdf1.net/ archives/2003_05.html, July 2004.ddll.sdf1.net/ archives/2003_05.html

25. Pam Nell- Red Lodge Schools Bibliography (Page 2) SARS- Couple in Love. [Online image] Available http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/2003/04/24/beijing-couple.in.love-sars.jpg, July 2004.http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/2003/04/24/beijing-couple.in.love-sars.jpg SARS Joke. [Online image] Available http://www.joe-ks.com/archives_jun2003/SARSRelief.jpg, July 2004.http://www.joe-ks.com/archives_jun2003/SARSRelief.jpg SARS Uniforms. [Online image] Available http://www.simonstaun.dk/gfx/gallery/sars.jpg, July 2004.http://www.simonstaun.dk/gfx/gallery/sars.jpg SARS Cross. [Online image] Available http://www.stedu.net/pxbzl/sars.jpg, July 2004.http://www.stedu.net/pxbzl/sars.jpg I Visited Toronto. [Online image] Available http://odo.ca/~haha/images/sars.jpg, July 2004.http://odo.ca/~haha/images/sars.jpg No SARS. [Online image] Available http://cc.gdjh.tcc.edu.tw/~sars/sars.gif, July 2004.http://cc.gdjh.tcc.edu.tw/~sars/sars.gif SARS Current Cases. [Online image] Available http://www.who.int/csr/sars/map2003_06_12.jpg, July 2004.http://www.who.int/csr/sars/map2003_06_12.jpg