1. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Ship SST data for satellite SST and ocean model validation below 40ºS Helen Beggs, George Paltoglou and Ruslan Verein CAWCR, Bureau of Meteorology GHRSST Workshop on Tropical Warm Pool and High Latitude SST Issues, Melbourne, 5-9 March 2012

2. How can we improve the validation of satellite SST and ocean forecasts over regions sparse in buoy observations such as the SO? In Situ SST observations from GTS for Jan 2012 One solution: Improve the availability and accuracy of SSTdepth observations from ships reporting to the GTS

3. IMOS Ship of Opportunity SST 2 Feb 2008 to 2 Feb 2012 Real-time QC’d data on GTS and in netCDF on IMOS Ocean Portal (http://imos.aodn.org.au/webportal) See Beggs et al (2012) Enhancing Ship of opportunity sea surface Temperature observations in the Australian region. J. Operational Oceanography, 5, 1-15 (in press)

4. Std Dev (IMOS AVHRR SSTfnd - In Situ SSTfnd) 1 Dec 2008 – 1 Jun 2011 60  E – 190  E, 70  S – 20  N Nighttime,  2 hour,  1 km matchups, Quality level ≥ 4 Hull-contact SST sensors IMOS SST ships IMOS ships NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Research Vessels

5. Mean (IMOS AVHRR SSTfnd – In Situ SSTfnd) 1 Dec 2008 – 1 Jun 2011 60  E – 190  E, 70  S – 20  N Nighttime,  2 hour,  1 km matchups, Quality level ≥ 4 Hull-contact SST sensors IMOS ships NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Research Vessels

6. BODAS1 Analysis SST5m – In Situ SSTfnd (GTS) 1 Aug – 31 Dec 2010 90  E – 180  E, 15  N – 70  S

7. RAMSSA Analysis SSTfnd – In Situ SSTfnd (Date + 1) 1 Aug – 31 Dec 2010 60  E – 180  E, 20  N – 70  S

8. Std Dev (GMPE minus Ships) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

9. Std Dev (GMPE minus Drifting Buoys) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

10. Std Dev (OSTIA minus GAMSSA) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

11. Std Dev (OSTIA – CMC) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

12. Std Dev (OSTIA – Reynolds AMSR-E+AVHRR) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

13. Std Dev(OSTIA - GMPE) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

14. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Conclusions South of 40ºS most vessels reporting SST to the GTS are research vessels In region 60ºE to 190ºE, 70ºS to 40ºS, ship SSTs show less variation than buoy SSTs but this may be simply due to far fewer ship observations and only during summer months Variation in buoy SST may be linked to dynamical instabilities along ocean fronts around 50ºS to 35ºS and 35ºN to 50ºN Similar patterns of high variability between L4 analyses seen over regions 50ºS to 35ºS and 35ºN to 50ºN Discuss!

15. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Extra Slides for discussion

16. Mean (GMPE minus Drifting Buoys) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

17. Mean (GMPE minus Ships) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/L4/l4_delsst_hovmoller_abom.htm

18. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Analysis SST minus in situ SSTfnd Over region: 90°E to 180°E, 15°N - 70°S Period: 1 Aug – 31 Dec 2010 Buoys: RAMSSA MW+IR Daily 1/12° Analysis SSTfnd (Date – 1): 0.09 ± 0.55°C BODAS1 MW+IR Daily 1/10° Analysis SST5m (Date): 0.15 ± 0.60°C IMOS Ships: RAMSSA MW+IR Daily 1/12° Analysis SSTfnd (Date – 1): -0.03 ± 0.51°C BODAS1 MW+IR Daily 1/10° Analysis SST5m (Date): -0.16 ± 0.70°C

19. IMOS Ship of Opportunity SST Goal Significantly enhance quantity, quality and timeliness of ship SST data in the Australian region Status 29 Feb 2012 QA’d SST data from 15 vessels (6 with hull-contact sensors) available from GTS and Ocean Portal http://imos.aodn.org.au/webportal - All except Rottnest Ferry (engine intake SST) have comparable errors to drifting buoys - IMOS ship SST used for satellite SST and ocean model validation at BoM Publication Beggs et al (2012) Enhancing ship of opportunity sea surface temperature observations in the Australian region, 5, 1-15 (in press) Locations of IMOS ship SST observations to 1 Jun 2011 2-hour Matchup Statistics for 1 Dec 2008 to 1 Jun 2011 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Hull-contact SST sensors

20. Satellite SSTfnd vs In Situ SSTfnd Matchup Statistics 1 Dec 2008 to 1 Jun 2011 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 AATSR

21. SeaBird’s SBE 48 is a high-accuracy temperature recorder, designed for shipboard determination of sea surface temperature. Cost: $4k for sensor + ~$10k to install on a vessel which all ready has an automatic weather station Mounted with magnets just below the water line, the SBE 48’s temperature sensor is in contact with the inside of the ship’s hull. Important to insulate hull and sensor from interior air temperature using a 1 m x 1 m foam insulation pad. Installed on PV Spirit of Tasmania II, MV Portland, MV Stadacona, MV Highland Chief, MV Iron Yandi and PV Pacific Sun Data relayed through ship to the automatic weather station on the bridge using wireless modems Hull-Mounted temperature sensors on Australian Volunteer Observing Fleet vessels Weight: 2.3 kg Dimensions: 78 mm x 76 mm x 273 mm