1. Group 7 (G) Ayo Falomo, Saber Hamidi, Eldar Alasgarov, Kym Hulbert, Aaron Cai, Tim Hodgkins & Joe Burrows Tutor: Dr Gary B Willis

2. Left to Right: Ayo Falomo, Eldar Alasgarov, Kym Hulbert, Aaron Cai, Tim Hodgkins & Joe Burrows

3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1947), Article 18 “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion...” (Lauterpacht, 1948)

4.  Is there anything that cannot be said, or circumstances under which things cannot be said?  If freedom of expression does have limits, just how can these limits be defined?  Is there any kind of right to take offence? (Sturges, 2006)

5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 29 “In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare of a democratic society.” (Lauterpacht, 1948)

6. (Walls Wallpaper 2012) (Tumblr. n.d.)

7.  Use of Twitter by employee’s – people liable for whatever they say or post online.  Virgin flight crew lost jobs after Facebook comments. (Smith, 2008)  Twitter censors messages country by country (Moran, 2012) (N, 2011) (Rojas, 2012)

8.  Companies increasingly making it possible for users to flag/report defamation on social sites. (Report button on Facebook).  Increasingly contracts now include social media agreements. (ACAS n.d.) (Scott, 2011) (N., 2011)

9. “Malware is short for malicious software and also known as malicious code. Hackers exploit security weaknesses on your server to gain access to your website and install malicious code. They use your website to spread viruses, hijack computers and steal sensitive data such as credit card numbers or other personal information. Malware code is not easily detected and may infect your customers’ computers when they visit your website.” (Symantec, n.d.) (Texnomaniya n.d.)

10.  UK Data Protection Act (DPA) of UK  “Appropriate technical and organizational measures must be used to ensure the security of customer Personal information.”  Consequences :  Large fines of up to £500,000 on organizations (Get Safe Online, 2012) (Year10a, 2013)

11.  Regular website malware scanning  Keeping SSL certificates up to date  Always-on SSL  Keeping server software up-to date (Symantec, n.d.)

13.  Despite there being several laws to ensure freedom of speech, there will always be limitations.  Defamation is one of the reasons for these limitations to protect people and also organizational image.  The examples discussed are prime examples of where the law has conflicted with Freedom of Speech.

15.  ACAS. Acas.org.uk. n.d. http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3381 (accessed April 21, 2013).  BBC News. BBC News England. April 20, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- england-22231653 (accessed April 20, 2013).  Get Safe Online. Get Safe Online. 2012. http://www.getsafeonline.org/businesses/data- protection-act/ (accessed April 20, 2013).  Lauterpacht, Hersch. The British Year of Book International Law. Oxford: Oxford Press, 1948.  Moran, Lee. Daily Mail. January 27, 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2092606/Twitter-sparks-free-speech-fury-announcing-censor-messages-country- country.html (accessed April 20, 2013).  N, Dian. Logoeps. June 24, 2011. http://www.logoeps.com/download-twitter-icon-vector-ai- eps-crd/1684/ (accessed April 20, 2013).  N., Dian. Logoeps.com. June 24, 2011. http://www.logoeps.com/download-twitter-icon- vector-ai-eps-crd/1684/ (accessed April 20, 2013).  Robinson, Victoria. Stuff.co.nz. December 18, 2010. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4472229/Expensive-paperweight-fired-after-Facebook- posts (accessed April 20, 2013).  Rojas, John-Paul Ford. The Telegraph. August 16, 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/secondaryeducation/9481025/Tom-Daley- celebrates-exams-success-days-after-winning-Olympic-bronze.html (accessed April 20, 2013).

16.  Scott, Tristan. Travel House UK. June 4, 2011. http://news.travelhouseuk.co.uk/airline-news/drop- fares-to-africa-and-middle-east.htm (accessed April 20, 2013).  Smith, Stevie. The Tech Herald. November 3, 2008. http://www.thetechherald.com/articles/Virgin- flight-crew-fired-for-insulting-passengers-via-Facebook/3032/ (accessed April 14, 2013).  Sturges, Paul. "Limits to freedom of expression? Considerations arising from the Danish cartoons affairs." IFLA, 2006: 181-188.  Symantec. Malware Scanning FAQ. n.d. http://www.symantec.com/en/uk/theme.jsp?themeid=ssl- resources&tabID=2 (accessed April 19, 2013).  Texnomaniya. Texnomaniya. n.d. http://texnomaniya.ru/internet-news/facebook-atakoval-virus- pokazivajushhijj-porno.html (accessed April 20, 2013).  Tumblr. Tumblr. n.d. http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/world%20flags?language=ru_RU (accessed April 20, 2013).  Walls Wallpaper. Mister Forex. December 8, 2012. http://misterforex.ru/gdefon/wallpaper/site/misterforex/id/429474/name/china_satin_flag_kitaj_sat in_flag/ (accessed April 20, 2013).  West, Ed. The Telegraph. July 31, 2012. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/edwest/100173529/twitter-and-tom-daley-freedom-of-speech- does-not-extend-to-the-freedom-to-make-death-threats/ (accessed April 14, 2013).  Wheeler, Brian. BBC News Magazine. February 13, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine- 20782257 (accessed April 20, 2013).  Year10a. YEar10a Wikispaces. 2013. http://year10a.wikispaces.com/data+protection+act+(anton+louisy) (accessed April 20, 2013).

17. Presentation Topic 7: Freedom of speech and defamation Keywords: Hate crime; hatred; hate speech; comparative law; Second Life; virtual worlds Brief Many of us are familiar with tales of individuals arrested because of a flippant post to twitter, or pursued for damages because of sarcastic (and perhaps ill advised) comments on high profile figures subject to journalistic investigation. Legislation exists to protect individuals freedom of expression, and also to and sue for claims of defamation. Prepare and produce a short presentation which provides an introduction to and overview which points out the responsibilities of individuals and organisations in respect of this type of legislation. You should consider all sorts of publications and communications online. You should also identify ways in which ‘owners’ of websites and blogs are bound to ensure that they protect their sites from malicious hacking; being used as a platform for publishing ‘rogue’ views and messages.