1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood (1/4) I.Erikson’s Stages 1 and 2 A.Stage 1 (Infancy: Birth-1 year) -- Basic Trust vs. Mistrust B.Stage 2: (Toddlerhood: 1-3 years) -- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood (2/4) II.Emotional Development A.The 7 basic emotions and their emergence B.Understanding and responding to the emotions of others C.Emergence of self-conscious emotions D.Beginnings of emotional self- regulation

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood (3/4) Parental Depression III.Temperament A.Genetic and environmental influences B.Temperament and child-rearing: Goodness-of-fit model Biology and Environment: Shyness and sociability (Jerome Kagan)

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood (4/4) IV.Attachment (Mary Ainsworth) A.The Strange Situation B.Secure and Insecure attachment C.Multiple attachments Effect of early attachment on later security and adjustment (Child care) V.Emergence of the Self: birth-2 years VI. Self-awareness (self description and self control)

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk I. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages During Infancy and Toddlerhood Erikson’s StageNeeded from Caregivers Basic trust vs. mistrust (first year)  Responsiveness  Sympathetic, loving balance of care Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (second year)  Suitable guidance and reasonable choices  Reasonable expectations for impulse control

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk II. First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness  Smile: from birth  Social smile: 6–10 weeks  Laugh: 3–4 months Anger and sadness  General distress: from birth  Anger: 4–6 months  Sadness: response to disrupted caregiver–infant communication Fear  First fears: second half of first year  Stranger anxiety: most frequent expression of fear

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Reliance on a trusted person’s emotional reactions to appraise an uncertain situation  Used by caregivers to teach children how to react to everyday events (begins at 8- 10 months) © alexpro9500/Shutterstock Social Referencing

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Appear between ages 1½ and 3 years:  Shame  Embarrassment  Guilt  Pride  Envy  Require  awareness of self as separate and unique  adult instruction in when to feel emotions Self-Conscious Emotions © denys_kuvaiev/Fotolia

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Adjusting one’s own state of emotional intensity  Requires effortful control  Improves over first year, with brain development  Caregivers  contribute to child’s self-regulation style  teach socially approved ways of expressing feelings © Caroline RW/Shutterstock Emotional Self-Regulation

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Easy: 40%  Difficult: 10%  Slow-to-warm-up: 15%  Unclassified: 35% © Gabriela Insuratelu/Shutterstock III. Thomas and Chess Structure of Temperament

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Reactivity: quickness and intensity of  emotional arousal  attention  motor activity  Self-regulation: strategies that modify reactivity © ryanking999/Fotolia Rothbart Structure of Temperament

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Biological Basis of Inhibited Temperament (Kagan)  Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability:  heart rate  saliva concentration of cortisol  pupil dilation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature  Persistence of temperamental style is influenced by child-rearing practices

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Stability is  low in infancy and toddlerhood  moderate from preschool years on  Temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after age 3 years © Serhiy Kobyakov/Shuttterstock Stability of Temperament

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Heredity and Environment in Temperament Genetic influences  Responsible for about half of individual differences  Vary with trait and age of individuals studied Environmental influences  Nutrition  Quality of caregiving  Cultural variations  Gender stereotyping  Role of siblings

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Interaction between temperament and child-rearing style  Effective child rearing: good fit with child’s temperament  Role of cultural context © Sunny studio-Igor Yaruta/Shutterstock Goodness-of-Fit

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Harlow video IV. Attachment: Harlow’s Surrogate Mothers Experi- ment with Rhesus Monkeys

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk 1.Preattachment (0 to 6 weeks) 2.Attachment-in-the-making: special response to main caregiver(to 6-8 months) 3.Clear-cut attachment phase (to 18-24 months. (May include separation anxiety) 4.Reciprocal relationship with caregiver, in- cluding making an internal working model. © oksix/Shutterstock Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Attachment: Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth)

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Secure: 60%  Avoidant: 15%  Resistant: 10%  Disorganized/ disoriented: 15% © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock Measuring Attachment Security

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Cultural Variations in Attachment Security Figure 6.1 (Adapted from van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988; van Ijzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008.)

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Early availability of consistent caregiver  Quality of caregiving: parental sensitivity  Infant characteristics  Parents’ internal working models Factors That Affect Attachment Security

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Fathers  Siblings  Grandparents  Professional caregivers © MNStudio/Shutterstock Multiple Attachments

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  More often expressed through play com- pared to mother  Promoted by  time spent in physical proximity to babies  intimacy and cooperation between parents © Elena Yakusheva/Shutterstock Attachment to Father

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Majority of children have siblings  Arrival of new baby can be stressful for older siblings  Siblings typically develop rich emotional relationship  Certain temperamental traits (high emotional reactivity) increase likelihood of sibling conflict Siblings and Attachment

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Secure attachment is related to later cognitive, emotional, social competence  Continuity of caregiving promotes favorable development © michaeljung/Fotolia Attachment and Later Development

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Attachment and Child Care

28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Attachment and Child Care Fulltime child care before 12 months related to insecure attachment, especial avoidance in the Strange Situation Combination of poor child care (common in US) and insensitive care at home resulted in insecure attachment. Best formula: good maternal care and fewer hours in child care. Berk: How about flexible work schedules?

29. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk V. Development of the Self Self- awareness  From birth  Aided by capacity for intermodal perception Self- recognition  Emerges end of second year  Promoted by acting on environment and noting effects Empathy  Ability to “feel with” another person  Aided by self-awareness

30. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Classifying self and others into social categories on basis of  age  physical characteristics  goodness vs. badness © Andrew Taylor/Shutterstock Categorical Self: Overlap of Cognitive and Social Development (Multidimentionaliity)  Used to organize behavior, including gender-typed behavior

31. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Effortful control is the capacity to  inhibit impulses (Rothbart)  manage negative emotions  behave in socially acceptable ways  Depends on  awareness of self as separate, autonomous being  confidence in directing own actions  memory for caregiver’s directives VI. Self-Control

32. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Emerges between 12 and 18 months  Awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations  Ability to obey simple requests and commands  Leads to first consciencelike verbalizations  Delay of gratification: between ages 1½ and 3 years © BlueOrange Studio/Shutterstock Compliance

33. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Proximal parenting (Nso of Mali) produces earlier compliance than in face-to-face parenting (Greece)  Face-to-face leads to earlier distinction between self and other Self-Recognition and Compliance

34. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Self-Recognition and Compliance

35. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Respond with sensitivity and support.  Give advance notice of change in activities.  Offer many prompts and reminders.  Reinforce self-controlled behavior.  Encourage sustained attention.  Support language development.  Increase rules gradually. Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control

36. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.