1. People and the Planet- topic 5: 5.1 What are the environmental issues facing cities? 5.1b) There are tensions between cities as generators of wealth and as eco- friendly organisms

4. Produces 9% of UK GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 4 th largest urban economy in the world As prosperity increases more people will come to live and work, needing more energy, food, homes and transport- this will put strain on people and the environment What will this mean for London? Good? Bad?

5. *81% of London’s food comes from outside the UK *20% of London’s water comes from outside the area, water is transferred here from Wales *All London’s energy sources are imported London is part of a GLOBALISED NETWORK of supply lines It is linked to many other places through:- Visiting tourists Businesses from other countries locating there Where the food comes from Where goods sold in London are made Where all London waste goes Where the workers are from Where does all our energy come from? and more

6. INPUTS FOOD 6.9 million tonnes pr. Yr WATER 866 billion litres pr yr 94 million litres of bottled water in 2260 tonnes of plastic ENERGY 13.2 million tonnes oil equivalent made up of 21% electricity 23% liquids 55% gases <1% renewable CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 20 million tones WORKERS 3 million daily commuters 49 million tonnes of materials consumed 64 billion Passenger km travelled each year- 69% by car OUTPUTS WASTE 40.9 million Tonnes of CO2 27 million tonnes of food, construction And demolition Materials, Manufactured goods, chemicals, etc Inorganic waste into landfill Organic waste into Rivers 28% of all water is lost through Leakage 18% of all energy is wasted MANUFACTURED GOODS 14 million tonnes of manufactured goods, Food, building Materials, etc In your books, explain how each of the following people would see this situation a)Environmentalist b)Economist c)Londoner Will the 3 ever agree on the problems with London as is now? Why? Why not?

7. The burden of waste Producing increasing amounts of waste seems these days to go hand in hand with prosperity London’s waste has traditionally been sent to landfill sites Burying waste was a cheap but difficult option Since 1960s waste has been transferred out to the surrounding home counties 70% of London’s waste goes out of the city BUT EU has set limits on amounts of waste that can go into landfill Councils are now encouraging more recycling BUT that creates own issues Camden’s recycling is mostly sent abroad, 10% of papers are sent to Malaysia and 90% to Indonesia. A 1/5 th of mixed papers are sent to China, remainder ends up in India Plastic is sent abroad too. Only steel, aluminium and glass are recycled in UK processing plants. Many experts say this is NOT a bad thing, all the ships that come from China to the UK laden with goods would return home empty if they were not taking away our recycling

8. What about all the waste? Londoners produce 2 million tonnes of waste a year!!! 680,000 tonnes of Londoners rubbish is transported down the Thames each year

9. Where does London waste go? 33% of London’s waste goes to Mucking in Essex 22% goes to landfill in Kent Hertfordshire takes 13% Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire and Oxfordshire take 8% each This is an aerial view of Mucking, Essex- Europe’s largest Landfill site- located 35 miles east of London- it takes 20% of London’s waste

10. The UK sends more waste to landfill than any other nation in Europe.UK sends more waste to landfill We dump nearly 20m tonnes of rubbish in the ground. Germany, by comparison, sends less than 500,000 tonnes to landfill.landfill We recycle or compost only one-third of our municipal waste, lower than the EU average.recycle or compost only one-third of our municipal waste Austria manages nearly 60%. EU directives and new legislation means the UK needs to drastically reduce the level of waste it sends to landfill over the following years. Mucking was due to close in 2007 as it was almost full, but the only alternative was to set up an incinerator at Belverdere, near Bexley in Kent. This incinerator was designed as an ‘energy from waste’ power station. This would have provided electricity for 66,000 homes and could have consumed almost all the annual 680,000 tonnes of waste But the plan upset some and was put on hold, Mucking’s life was extended to the end of 2010- locals weren’t pleased

11. What a waste? Read pages 209-10 of textbook, then answer these questions- Why do you think increased wealth and prosperity creates more waste? Why has landfill been used for waste in the past? Outline some of the good and bad points highlighted by Camden’s recycling How much waste does London produce in a year? Why is the figure so high? How would you feel if you lived in Mucking? Why can’t London have a landfill site?

12. Incineration vs. Landfill Look at the table at the top of page 211. In pairs, talk through the advantages and disadvantages of both methods, then outline the main arguments for and against each method of waste disposal in your books Then decide which method is the best by writing a letter to Boris Johnson, Mayor of London outlining the best option for London's waste.

13. Is London taking over? London as a city is growing- it’s sprawling and spreading into surrounding areas An example of this is the Thames Gateway project- a new development of housing, shops, schools, business premises. To support these developments on primarily Brownfield land (previous industrial land) more power generating facilities will be needed, much of this power will be from renewable energy sources like the London Array Wind farm. This wind farm will have 270 turbines and supply 25% of London’s electricity needs 2 new coal fired power stations are also planned to be built in north Kent to replace outdated ones and fill the demand for extra power What is urban sprawl? Why can the development of the Thames Gateway be seen both as good and bad? Economy vs. environment?

14. All of these aspects make London as it currently is UNSUSTAINABLE for now and into the future Some Questions about London- 1)Why is London important to the UK as a country? 2)Why do some say London’s importance is its downfall? 3)Draw a diagram to show the multiple ways London relies on other places 4)Explain or draw a diagram to explain the inputs and outputs of a major city like London 5)Explain why waste is a major problem when trying to reduce London’s eco-footprint

15. Practice Question Using examples, explain how the footprints of cities often extend way beyond the city boundaries (4 marks) Think about where the waste goes Where all the goods come from Where the residents live, etc

16. People and the Planet- topic 5: 5.2 How far can these issues be resolved sustainably? 5.2a) Cities have huge potential for reducing their eco- footprints

17. Attempts to reduce a city’s eco-footprint The following is a list of ways to reduce the eco- footprint of cities and increase sustainability. Individual actions might include Food practising policies – buy local food- thus reducing transport and so emissions Use of farmers’ markets (eg Loughton)– as above a reduction in imported food demand Allotments – development of city gardens/farms Recycling waste – reducing need for landfill/incineration eg kerbside recycling in Redbridge Using public transport/car sharing, reducing greenhouse gas emissions Cutting back on electricity consumption (lights; heating etc) reducing energy production Holidaying at home thus avoiding air-flights

18. Local government action might include Promoting public transport eg London and the use of Oyster cards and free travel for U 19’s. Promoting the use of bicycles Urban gardens/farming part of planning (eg Havana in Cuba: urban gardens in Havana provide 90% of fresh fruit and vegetables needed in the city) Sustainable energy management (eg Bedzed in S London; geothermal energy powers the whole of Reykjavik in Iceland. Urban design (eg Bedzed in S London) Waste management eg Seoul S Korea and Copenhagen, Denmark. In Copenhagen they no longer use landfill as a general solution to waste. To reduce waste and recycle as well as using incinerator energy all reduces the eco- footprint. Waste that’s is used in energy a plant is used to produce heat and power. Now landfill only accepts 3% of Copenhagen’s waste. 39% is incinerated and 59% is recycled. All this has been achieved by using less packaging, encouraging reusing products and introducing composting schemes.

19. How is London trying to reduce it’s eco- footprint? How is London reducing waste? All London councils have adopted stringent recycling policies in order to cut landfill as the Government charge penalties if they put too much waste in landfill sites (charge £48 per tonne). More waste is now recycled in Redbridge including compost and plastics. However this is VOLUNTARY and there are no penalties if you do not recycle- unlike Seoul in South Korea (see following slide). London only recycles about 10% of its waste and it could recycle at least 80% Waste is recycled in Redbridge using kerbside collection for plastics;glass;paper etc and compost. Nearly 20,000 tonnes of solid waste and composting were recycled in Redbridge. It recycles 19% of waste produced which is better than the average for London. Recycling also saves energy as it takes 95% less energy to recycle an aluminum can than to make a new one. Redbridge also runs a furniture recycling depot which sells unwanted items very cheap prices. Car sharing polices also reduce C02, there is a car sharing firm in London called Zip car.

20. What is ‘green consumer behaviour? How can this occur in Redbridge? People can change their shopping behaviour by only buying products that have been made in the UK and that have recycled packaging. People should only buy what they need. People can also become a green consumer by buying organic and Fair Trade items. This encourages people to have an ethical approach to shopping. This means that you have to think about more than just the price. Also buy eating foods in season so farmers in the UK don’t use lots of energy growing food in heated polytunnels that would not normally grow in our climate A farmers market allows people to buy good-quality produce locally often organic, which has low food miles and low packaging. You can also meet the producer and find out how things are produced. An example of this is in Loughton, where they have a farmers market the first Sunday of the month. There are others around London too.. Use a metal reusable water bottle. This means that you don’t buy a plastic water bottle everyday- you can reuse the same one- Also plastic takes energy to create so by not buying plastic bottles everyday you are reducing the energy you are wasted. In 2009 at Hammersmith station and London tower shop the government are testing refilling points for people with reusable bottles. This should hopefully encourage people to use metal bottles or reusable bottles. People can recycle their waste to become a green consumer. This is good as waste can be burnt and then converted into electricity. An example of a city trying to increase recycling is Soeul, the capital city of South Korea where they charge people to get rid of solid waste so this encourages recycling.

21. Is BedZed a sustainable solution for London? The Beddington Zero Energy Development (BEDZED) near Croydon, Greater London, is the largest carbon-neutral eco-community in the UK. It is built on reclaimed land and focuses on social and environmental sustainability, while promoting energy conservation. It is known as ‘eco-town’ and is built on a brown field site (an area that has already been built on) so when it was built, it did not damage any eco-systems.

22. BedZED includes 82 homes (34 for sale, 23 which are shared ownership, 10 for key workers and 15 affordable to rent). It also includes commercial buildings and a children’s nursery. BedZED is socially sustainable. This means that it benefits different groups of people. For example, key workers. Key workers are people that society needs and that need to live close to where they are working and not miles away. Other examples are people with low income and working families. BedZED is good for working families as there is a children’s nursery and for the low income people there are 15 houses with affordable rent. BedZED is helping to reduce London’s eco-footprint because of the different ways BedZED reduces energy consumption.

24. Urban Design reduces energy demand Solar panels on all buildings with better insulation and triple glazing Building materials store heat when weather warm and release heat when cold (this will mean less energy needed to cool and heat building) Houses built south facing so will receive more hours of sunlight on windows and the solar panels and buildings have vents that make homes cooler in the summer Building materials are natural, recycled or reclaimed material (so less energy used in making materials) All light bulbs low energy Energy tracking devices in kitchen (so people can see how much energy using) If all the above measures were incorporated in new buildings in London there would be a reduction in London’s eco-footprint. HOWEVER although new buildings have to be energy efficient by law most of London’s buildings were built before this. The BedZED model can also help London reduce its CO2 emissions Car sharing polices – this reduces the number of cars on the road and so reduces the harmful exhaust emissions Encouraging use of electric cars by having local free electric charging points

25. Reducing London’s massive Eco-footprint Produce a piece of work to show how London is trying to reduce it’s eco-footprint and become more sustainable Include information about:- 1)BEDZED and other eco home developments 2)How waste is being managed in a more sustainable way, i.e. recycling 3)How transport use is being changed to be more sustainable and better for the environment 4)How can we help London be more sustainable on an individual/ family level? 5)Use pages 212-15 in textbook

26. Lesson 2 and 3 Project idea- London- a changing City You have the next 2 lessons to produce a mini- project all about London and how it’s a changing city Include information on 1)The main reasons behind it’s relatively high eco- footprint 2)Information on its inputs and outputs of the city 3)What are the issues regarding London’s waste? 4)How is London’s urban sprawling creating impacts on other areas? 5)Comment on how Individuals and local governments can help reduce London’s eco- footprint 6)How can London be made more sustainable into the future and reduce its eco-footprint? Include information about A) waste reduction B) BEDZED C) controlling and or limiting transport