1. Ways to reduce environmental hazards

2. One of the biggest barriers to the quality of life in cities Governments are taking measures to improve the urban environment

3. Ensure factories control pollutants Vehicles with old technology = banned Heavy duty vehicles should be barred from inner city at peak times of day More tree planting to purify air Cars with pollution-reducing technology should be encouraged

5. In more prosperous countries, high rise complexes are built Poorer countries don’t have tax revenue to build low-cost housing Private companies build high rise housing instead of government

7. Fairly effective Residents do not rely on help from outsiders Organized on a community basis Residents become frustrated at the lack of government involvement – social protests

9. Run down, poor area Italian immigrants Couldn’t afford paint – patchwork of colors on buildings Now an artist’s colony

11. Rapidly modernizing Replacing traditional buildings with high rise housing Replacing polluting factories and heating systems with clean substitutes Replacing bicycles with buses Green landscaping and open space

13. Globalization and urbanization are becoming intertwined Improved diffusion of knowledge and information, awareness of environmental issues and human rights Improved communication, shared technology

14. Greater emphasis on economy. Takes priority over social and environmental issues Referred to as a shift from managerialism to entrepreneurialism

15. City is a product to be marketed and promoted Aim to increase investment from elsewhere Benefits land developers and government – not the poorer masses Leads to problems: self-interest, corruption, HUGE gap between wealthy minority and poor majority