1. End of Year Review 9 TH GRADE

2. Describe the systems of the Earth: Each of the Earth’s systems interact continually Biosphere: This includes all living things on the earth from the plants to the animals. There is interaction between living things and the other spheres. Living things need water (hydro), air (atmos) and the ground where everything connects. Geosphere: all solid ground front the crust to the core Atmosphere: all the gasses that surround the Earth like and envelope there are layers, troposphere (where we live and weather take place) Stratosphere this layer contains the Ozone, mesosphere, Thermosphere Hydrosphere: all water on the surface, underground and in the atmosphere.

3. Describe the Big Bang Theory The most popular theory of our universe's origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.

4. How old is the Solar System? 4.5-4.6 Billion Years Old

5. Describe evidence supporting the nebular theory of the solar system formation. The Nebular Theory is the most widely accepted theory Stars form in nebulas composed of gas and dust; planets can be formed under the right circumstances in these nebulas as well Nebulas have been observed by the Hubble telescope forming spinning disks such as in this picture These pictures show real spinning disks in the Milky Way galaxy. the pictures were taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.

6. Describe how the heavy elements found on Earth are formed in stars. Fusion in stars form heavier and heavier elements Heavier elements form in larger stars The older the star, the heavier the elements it contains Super Nova explosions of super massive stars creates the heaviest elements and spreads those elements into the universe. resources.hwb.wales.gov.uk

7. List distinct objects found in the Solar System. THE SUN ROCKY PLANETS GAS GIANTS ASTEROID BELT METEORITES COMETS DWARF PLANETS

8. The Galaxy is Larger than the solar system. The solar system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. http://www.engadget.com/2015/03/16/milky-way-galaxy-ripples/ Which is larger, the Solar System or the Milky Way Galaxy?

9. Describe the conditions necessary to support life on Earth. Condition needed to support life on Earth are: Atmosphere Moderate temperatures And of course a food supply

10. How has the geocentric model of the Solar System changed? We know that the Earth orbits the Sun not the other way around!

11. What is the source of Earth’s internal heat? The first source of internal heat is the heat that is left over form the formation of our planet. The Second form is that of radioactive decay of materials such as Uranium decaying into Lead as it looses Ions.

12. Describe the physical properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The lithosphere is the crust and the upper portion of the mantle. The crust is a solid. However the Asthenosphere is a plastic meaning is acts as a solid and a liquid at the same time. Why does the Earth have Layers? (Video)

13. Illustrate how convection currents distribute heat within the mantle.

14. Give two examples of how geologic record preserves evidence of past change. 1.Similar plant and animal fossils on different continents. 2.Puzzle-like fit of continents e.g. South America and Africa 3.Similar rock layers found on continents on opposite sides of Atlantic ocean 4.Evidence of climatic changes e.g. glaciation where no glaciers can occur

15. Stripes of magnetic material in the seafloor provide strong evidence for tectonic theory. The stripes alternate between those with magnetic material orientated toward magnetic north, and those oriented in the opposite direction. Seafloor spreading is the mechanism behind this phenomenon. As new magma forces its way up to the surface, magnetized minerals in the liquid rock orient along the Earth’s magnetic field and then harden as the lava cools. Describe evidence from the sea floor that helped develop the Continental Drift Hypothesis of Alfred Wegener into the modern theory of Plate Tectonics.

16. As the ocean floor moves it will sometimes move over a hot spot which will form a volcano. As the sea floor continues to spread the volcanos will move away from the hot spot we can calculate the speed at which they are moving by the distance the islands are apart from each other. How do mantle plumes provide evidence for the rate and direction of tectonic plate motion?

17. Draw and label the results of plate movement along convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.

18. Illustrate and describe how the greenhouse effect contributes to the energy in the atmosphere.

19. Illustrate and describe the uneven heating of the earth. smha.btck.co.uk

20. What causes the Coriolis Effect?

21. Explain how the presence of ozone in the stratosphere is beneficial to life, while ozone in the troposphere is considered an air pollutant. Short-term exposure to ozone peaks can temporarily affect the lungs, the respiratory tract, and the eyes. It can also increase the susceptibility to inhaled allergens. Long-term exposure to relatively low concentrations of ozone can reduce lung function.exposureozonerespiratory tractsusceptibilityinhaledallergens concentrationslung function http://www.greenfacts.org/en/ozone-o3/

22. Explain the difference between weather in low pressure systems and high pressure systems. Low pressure systems circulate counter-clockwise. High pressure systems circulate clockwise A Low’s counter-clockwise circulation forces air upward (ultimately resulting in condensation, cloud formation and ultimately precipitation). A High’s clockwise circulation causes a sinking motion in the atmosphere, resulting in fair/clearer and often sunnier skies. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/educ/scouts/res/handout4.pdf

23. Diagram and describe cold, warm, occluded, and stationary weather fronts.

24. What is the difference between weather and climate Weather is what is happening right now Climate is what you should expect the weather to be based on 30 years of weather data.

25. How has human activity influenced the carbon cycle? Humans are moving more carbon into the atmosphere from other parts of the Earth system. More carbon is moving to the atmosphere when fossil fuels, like coal and oil, are burned

26. oceans freshwater lakes running water frozen water ground water atmospheric moisture evaporation condensation precipitation transpiration

27. Illustrate layers in the ocean. Label the differences in salinity, temperature and pressure at different depths. Temperature and salinity both affect density. Low-density water tends to be warmer and less saline, while high-density water is generally cooler and more saline.