1. Sleep Disorders

2. Disorders of Sleep 58% Adults Snore 36% Complain of Insomnia 15% note persistent Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 3% Unusual Nocturnal Behaviors 28% Workforce on night or rotating shifts One in Three Individuals are Dissatisfied with Their Sleep

3. Age and Sleep Disorders

4. Traditional classification of sleep disorders Dyssomnias: They are associated with difficulty initiating or maintaining the sleep or daytime sleepiness. Parasomnias: Abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring during sleep but don’t involve the sleep mechanisms.

5. Sleep Disorders Currently, 107 distinct sleep disorders (82 recognized in ICSD2, 25 proposed) 4 x Disorders to be examined: Sleep Apnea Insomnia Narcolepsy Somnambulism (sleep walking)

6. Dyssomnias

7. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Repetitive episodes of airway collapse associated with arousals and oxygen desaturation. Patients have hundreds of events per night.

8. Sleep Apnea – the facts Obstructive Sleep Apnea occurs in; 9-24% Adults Males 3-9% Adult Females 3-15% of Children More likely with: Obesity Smoking, Narrow airway, Heart disease Brain disease

9. Problems with Sleep Apnea Increases the manifestations of other medical and psychiatric disorders: Heart failure, Stroke, Epilepsy, Depression Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is sleep apnea

10. Treatments: Sleeping pills are not perfect—most bind to GABA receptors throughout the brain. Continued use of sleeping pills: Makes them ineffective Produces marked changes in sleep patterns that persist even when not taking the drug Can lead to drowsiness and memory gaps

11. OSA Treatment Surgery Dental Device Weight Loss Medication Avoidance of alcohol Sleep on side

12.  Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Machine pumping in air Tube and mask for air supply Fat bloke

13. INSOMNIA Total sleep deprivation compromises the immune system and leads to death. The disease fatal familial insomnia is inherited—in midlife people stop sleeping and die 7-24 months after onset of the insomnia.

14. I. Insomnias – the facts Prevalence: 33-36% Accompanied with daytime consequences: 10% Last more than 1 year: 85% (persistent insomnia) Male:female = 1:1.4 Increase with age: above 65 years: 50%

15. Qu. Why Are Women Not Getting the Sleep They Need? Lifestyle impacts sleep; Working mothers (72%) and single working women (68%) are more likely to experience insomnia 84% pregnant women report insomnia for a few nights each week Other factors; Noise (39%) Giving care to children (20%) Pets (17%)

16. Other factors causing Insomnia? 1. Primary insomnia – caused by biological factors 2. Inadequate sleep hygiene (10%) 3. Insomnia due to mental disorder (30-40%) 4. Insomnia due to drug or substance

17. Treatment of Insomnia? Pharmacologic treatment Treating the medical or psychiatric conditions Nonpharmacologic: behavioral treatments: normalizing the circadian rhythm sleep hygiene cognitive behavior therapy sleep restriction therapy

18. Prescribed Anti-depressants 12% Prescribed Sleep medication 3%

19. Pharmacologic treatment Benzodiazepines Selective GABA drugs Melatonin receptor sensitising drugs

20. Problems with insomnia research?

21. Parasomnias

22. Narcolepsy SYMPTOMS: Have frequent sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness Do not go through SWS before REM sleep May show cataplexy—a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse.

23. Causes of Narcolpsy? Narcoleptic dogs have a mutant gene for a hypocretin receptor. Hypocretin normally prevents the transition from wakefulness directly into REM sleep. Interfering with hypocretin signaling leads to narcolepsy.

24. Treatments of narcolepsy?

25. SLEEP PARALYSIS Sleep paralysis is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking up. It can be broken by being touched by someone. It may be caused by the pontine center continuing to signal for muscle relaxation, even when awake.

26. Qu. When do people get the most incidents of sleep paralysis? Changing sleeping position reduces sleep paralysis

27. SLEEP WALKING Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during stages 3 and 4 SWS, and may persist into adulthood. 25% children will sleep walk, but most adults lose ability.

28. (3) REM Sleep Disorder I was a halfback playing football, and after the quarterback received from the centre, he passed it to me and I’m supposed to go around and then cut back in. As I cut back in there is this big 280-pound tackle waiting so I, according to the rules, shoulder barged him….. When I came to I was standing in front of our dresser and I had gotten out of bed and run and knocked lamps, mirrors and everything off the dresser, hit my head against the wall and my knee against the dresser - Schenck et al. (1986)

29. Critique of Sleep Studies? Labor intensive Require technologists to attend patient all night Technologist must score and summarize the physiology for the recording