Table of Contents. Lessons 1. Anatomy and Physiology Defined Go Go 2. Anatomy and Physiology and the Health Care Worker 3. Everything Begins with Cells.

Table of Contents

Lessons 1. Anatomy and Physiology Defined Go Go 2. Anatomy and Physiology and the Health Care Worker 3. Everything Begins with Cells GoGo 4. Metabolism and Cell Reproduction Go Go 5. Basics of Body Structure Go Go 6. Basics of Diseases and Immunity Go Go

Table of Contents Lesson 1 Anatomy & Physiology Defined

Table of Contents Objectives: Define Anatomy and Physiology

Table of Contents Anatomy is the study of an organism’s body structures and their locations. What is anatomy?

Table of Contents Physiology is the study of the functions of each body part. What is physiology?

Table of Contents Check Your Understanding Label the following examples as either Anatomy or Physiology: What is the purpose of the tongue? Where are phalanges located? Where is the eardrum located? How do eyes communicate what you see to the brain? Physiology Anatomy

Table of Contents Objectives: Define Anatomy and Physiology Summary

Table of Contents Lesson 3 Everything Begins with Cells

Table of Contents Objectives: Define the term cell Describe the functions of cells Identify the parts of a cell

Table of Contents Cells are the smallest structural unit of living things, which carry on all of the functions of life. Different cells perform different tasks. Functions of life includes: ●Taking in food and oxygen ●Producing heat and energy ●Eliminating wastes ●Reproducing to create new cells.

Table of Contents Part of a cell: Cell membrane – The cell membrane forms an outer boundary around the cell to separate it from its surrounding. This thin membrane is also known as the plasma membrane. Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm is a jelly-like, semifluid material that transports substances within the cell. Nucleus – The nucleus is a round structure within the cytoplasm. It may be referred to as the "brain" of the cell because it controls cell activities and directs cell reproduction.

Table of Contents Organelles – small structures with a specific job to help the cell function. Lysosomes contain enzymes used to digest food as well as other substances. Ribosomes help to create protein. Endoplasmic reticulum – a fine network of tubular structures that allows substances to be transported into and out of the nucleus. Centrioles – play an important role in cell division. Golgi apparatus – a stack of membrane layers that produces, stores, and packages secretions to be sent out of the cell. Mitochondria – breaks down nutrients to help make the major energy source for the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Table of Contents Label the cell: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mitochondria Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Centrioles Cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Cytoplasm Lysosome

Table of Contents Objectives: Define the term cell Describe the functions of cells Identify the parts of a cell Summary

Table of Contents Lesson 4 Metabolism and Cell Reproduction

Table of Contents Objectives: Define metabolism Explain and Identify cell reproduction

Table of Contents Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a cell. It refers to when cells take in and use nutrients to produce energy and growth.

Table of Contents Metabolism consists of two processes. Anabolism involves the building up of complex substances from simpler ones, which requires energy. The process of anabolism helps to produce growth in organs and tissues. Catabolism involves breaking down complex substances into simpler ones. This process results in the release of energy and carbon dioxide. The body uses the energy produced from catabolism to fuel anabolism. Small molecules Large molecule Energy

Table of Contents Reasons Cells Reproduce: 1.Growth 2.Repair 3.Maintenance There are two methods the body uses to reproduce cells.

Table of Contents Mitosis occurs when one cell reproduces by dividing into two identical cells. Mitosis supports the growth and maintenance of cells.

Table of Contents Mitosis

Table of Contents Meiosis Meiosis is the process of reproduction of sex cells (gametes). In meiosis, two separate cell divisions occur. One gamete divides creating 2. Those two gametes divide, creating four.

Table of Contents Meiosis 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes Zygote 46 chromosomes 23 from ovum 23 from sperm These two cells join together to create a zygote, which carries 46 chromosomes. One gamete divides creating 2. Those two gametes divide, creating 4.

Table of Contents Objectives: Define metabolism Explain and Identify cell reproduction Summary

Table of Contents Lesson 5 Basics of Body Structure

Table of Contents Objectives: Define tissue, organ, and system Distinguish between different types of tissue Identify organs of the body Organize the levels of the body’s structure

Table of Contents Cells differ in shape, size and function even though they mostly have the same basic parts. Cells with similar structure and function can join together to create tissue. Tissue joins together to create organs. Organs group together to form organ systems that work together to perform a specific job in the body.

Table of Contents Tissue is formed when cells of the same type join to perform a common task. Four Major Tissue Groups: Epithelial tissue – covers internal and external body structures and forms glands.

Table of Contents Tissue is formed when cells of the same type join to perform a common task. Four Major Tissue Groups: Connective tissue – provides structure and support for the body and helps hold organs in place in their body cavities. Loose connective Fibrous connective Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone Blood

Table of Contents Tissue is formed when cells of the same type join to perform a common task. Four Major Tissue Groups: Muscle tissue – Muscle tissue contracts to allow the body to move.

Table of Contents Tissue is formed when cells of the same type join to perform a common task. Four Major Tissue Groups: Nervous tissue – carries messages throughout the body to direct its activities.

Table of Contents An organ is formed when groups of tissue work together to perform a specific function.

Table of Contents An organ system consists of a collection of organs and other body parts that work together to carry out one of the body’s major functions. Major Body Systems: Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Sensory system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Endocrine system and Reproductive system

Table of Contents Objectives: Define tissue, organ, and system Distinguish between different types of tissue Identify organs of the body Organize the levels of the body’s structure Summary

Table of Contents Lesson 6 Basics of Diseases and Immunity

Table of Contents Objectives: Define homeostasis and disease Describe abnormal cell conditions Identify types of tumors Explain types of immunity

Table of Contents Homeostasis refers to the process of keeping a state of balance in the body.

Table of Contents Interdependence means that systems must work together to support human life. The cardiovascular system works with the respiratory and digestive systems to supply oxygen and nutrients from outside sources to the cells in the body. The nervous system works together with the sensory system to recognize changes and respond to them. The muscular and skeletal systems work together to produce movement. The endocrine system supplies hormones that direct activities in many other body systems, including the urinary and reproductive systems. Examples:

Table of Contents Signs of disease are objective; they can be measured. Signs of Disease: Fever High blood pressure Rash Symptoms of disease are subjective. Symptoms can’t be observed by another person; but a person that is ill experiences them. Symptoms of Disease: Dizziness Pain Blurry vision Signs vs. Symptoms

Table of Contents When body systems are not functioning properly and homeostasis is not being maintained, this can create problems with the cells in the body. Abnormal cell growth includes: Atrophy – a decrease in size of cells as a result of age or disease. Hyperplasia – an increase in the number of cells. Metaplasia – cells being replaced by another type of cell. Dysplasia – cells changing in shape or organization. Neoplasia – cells changing in structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern.

Table of Contents A tumor (neoplasm) is a mass formed when abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth occurs.

Table of Contents Disease is a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body. Causes of disease: Genetic or developmental errors Infection Poisons Nutritional deficiencies or imbalance Toxicity Unfavorable environmental factors

Table of Contents Benign tumors are tumors that only grow in one place. They cannot spread or invade other parts of the body. However, they can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as your brain. Malignant tumors are also called cancer. This type of tumor crowds out healthy cells as it continues to grow.

Table of Contents Immunity is the body’s ability to resist invaders and diseases they cause.

Table of Contents Natural immunity is the body’s inborn resistance to disease. Two types of defense: Physical – physically bars pathogens from entering the body. Chemical – once pathogens enter the body, chemicals break the pathogens down.

Table of Contents Acquired immunity results when the body is exposed to an invader, but overcomes it. Natural or artificial: Natural acquired immunity is caused by unintentional exposure. Artificial acquired immunity is caused by intentional exposure. Passive or active: Passive acquired immunity is borrowing antibodies from another person or species, and it lasts a short time. Active acquired immunity occurs when people develop their own antibodies.

Table of Contents Objectives: Define homeostasis and disease Describe abnormal cell conditions Identify types of tumors Explain types of immunity Summary

Table of Contents. Lessons 1. Anatomy and Physiology Defined Go Go 2. Anatomy and Physiology and the Health Care Worker 3. Everything Begins with Cells.

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Table of Contents. Lessons 1. Anatomy and Physiology Defined Go Go 2. Anatomy and Physiology and the Health Care Worker 3. Everything Begins with Cells.

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