1. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Electronics Principles & Applications Seventh Edition Chapter 1 Introduction (student version) Charles A. Schuler McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

2. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends INTRODUCTION

3. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Dear Student: This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you to view that segment again, if you want to.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. History 1899 Discovery of the electron 1901 Radio 1906 Vacuum tube 1943 First computer 1947 Transistor 1958 Integrated circuit 1971 Microprocessor 1982 Single chip DSP

5. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Concept Preview The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. Digital signals usually have only two levels. Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.

6. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. ANALOG An infinite number of levels

7. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. DIGITAL 2 levels

8. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. ANALOG (non-linear)

9. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. A/D converter 01101110 11001000 11000010 01101110 00001110 00001001 01101110 Binary numbers Analog in … digital out

10. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. D/A converter 01101110 11001000 11000010 01101110 00001110 00001001 01101110 Digital in … analog out

11. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. D/A converter 11111111 10000000 00000000

12. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic circuit quiz The output of a typical digital circuit has _________ states or levels. two The output of a typical analog circuit has ________ states or levels. infinite Linear electronic circuits are in the category called ____________. analog An analog circuit with some distortion can be called ________. non-linear An analog signal can be changed to a numerical format by an ____________. A/D converter

13. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Concept Review The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. Digital signals usually have only two levels. Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace. Repeat Segment

14. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS Adder Subtractor Attenuator Clipper Comparator Controller Converter Detector Divider Filter Mixer Multiplier Oscillator Rectifier Regulator Switch Amplifier

15. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Concept Preview Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

16. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 10 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc.

17. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. +5 V 0 V -5 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F

18. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note the loss in ac amplitude due to the drop across the 3.3 k  resistor.

19. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note the combined dc and ac.

20. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Note that the dc signal is blocked by the capacitor.

21. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. +5 V 0 V 10 V 10 V P-P 10 kHz 10 k  3.3 k  1  F Bypass capacitor Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component.

22. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Capacitor/resistor quiz A node in an electronic circuit can have both dc and ac _________. components Capacitors support the flow of ac but block ________. dc Resistors provide equal opposition to both ____________. dc and ac When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac at a node it is called a ________. bypass A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate ________ at a circuit node. dc

23. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Concept Review Repeat Segment Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

24. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Solder Insertion technology Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board.

25. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Surface mount technology Devices placed by automatic equipment Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes) Higher connection density Smaller and less expensive products Difficult to repair SOT-223 Chip resistor Solder

26. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools!

27. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. The “Wedge” probe from Agilent makes it possible to safely connect to fine-pitch SMT integrated circuits. Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies

28. McGraw-Hill © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. REVIEW History Digital or Analog Analog Functions Circuits with Both DC and AC Trends